Substitution Reactions of Haloarenes

The reaction

$({\mathrm{CH}}_{\mathrm{3}}{)}_{\mathrm{3}}\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{Br} \underset{-\mathrm{HBr}}{\overset{{\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{2}}\mathrm{O}}{\to }}({\mathrm{CH}}_{\mathrm{3}}{)}_{\mathrm{3}}\mathrm{COH}$ is an example of ____

In electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions of chlorobenzene, the ortho/para-directing ability of chlorine is due to its: