The small molecules and ions that relay signals received by cell-surface receptors to effector proteins are known as secondary messengers. These messengers are then diffuse rapidly from the source and bind to target proteins to alter their properties like activity, localization, stability, etc. to propagate the signalling. The examples of secondary messenger molecules include cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, inositol triphosphate, diacylglycerol, and calcium.
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