A nucleus of beryllium-$\left({}_4{}^{10}\mathrm{Be}\right)$ decays into an isotope of boron by $\beta^{-}$ emission. The chemical symbol for boron is $\mathrm{B}$.

(a) Write a nuclear decay equation for the nucleus of beryllium-10.

A nucleus of beryllium-$\left({}_4{}^{10}\mathrm{Be}\right)$ decays into an isotope of boron by $\beta^{-}$ emission. The chemical symbol for boron is $\mathrm{B}$.

(b) Calculate the energy released in this decay and state its form.

(a) Explain why hydrogen ${}_1{}^1\mathrm{H}$ (proton) cannot appear on the graph shown in Figure.

(b) Use Figure to estimate the binding energy of the nuclide ${}_7{}^{14} \mathrm{N}$.

The mass of ${\mathrm{a}}_4^8$ Be nucleus is $1.33\times {10}^{-26} \mathrm{kg}$. For the nucleus of ${}_4{}^8\mathrm{Be}$, determine:

(a) the mass defect in $\mathrm{kg}$

The mass of ${\mathrm{a}}_4^8$ Be nucleus is $1.33\times {10}^{-26} \mathrm{kg}$. For the nucleus of ${}_4{}^8\mathrm{Be}$, determine:

(b) the binding energy of the nucleus in $\mathrm{MeV}$

The mass of ${\mathrm{a}}_4^8$ Be nucleus is $1.33\times {10}^{-26} \mathrm{kg}$. For the nucleus of ${}_4{}^8\mathrm{Be}$, determine:

(c) the binding energy (in $\mathrm{MeV}$ ) per nucleon for the nucleus.

Use the binding energy graph (Figure) to suggest why fission is unlikely to occur with 'light nuclei' $(A<20)$ and why fusion is unlikely to occur for heavier nuclei $(A>40)$.

Use the information given in the fusion section, to determine the binding energy (in $\mathrm{MeV}$ ) per nucleon of each particle in the following fusion reaction: ${}_1{}^2\mathrm{H}+{}_1{}^1\mathrm{p}\to {}_2{}^3\mathrm{He}$.

(Use:The binding energy of deuterium nucleus is $2.2 \mathrm{MeV}$, and the binding energy of helium-$3$ nucleus is $7.7 \mathrm{MeV}$.)