C 2 H 5 - NH 2 + C 2 H 5 excess - I → △ ? C 2 H 5 2 NH + CH 3 excess - I → △ C 2 H 5 3 N + HI C 6 H 5 - NH 2 + CH 3 excess - I → △ ?

When a primary amine is heated with an excess of primary alkyl halide it gives a mixture of secondary amine, tertiary amine along with tetraalkylammonium halide as follows: R 2 - NH 2 → - HX R - X R 2 NH → - HX R - X R 3 N → - HX R - X R 4 N ⊕ X ⊖ If an excess of alkyl halide is used tetraalkyl ammonium halide is obtained as the major product. The reaction is known as the exhaustive alkylation of amines. C 2 H 5 - NH 2 + C 2 H 5 excess - I → △ C 2 H 5 2 NH + HI C 2 H 5 2 NH + CH 3 excess - I → △ C 2 H 5 3 N + HI When aryl halide reacts with an excess of alkyl halide the reactions are as follows:

Complete the following reaction: CH 3 - CH 2 - N ⊕ CH 3 3 I ⊝ → Ag 2 O Moist ? → △

When tetraalkylammonium halide is heated with moist silver oxide, it gives quaternary ammonium hydroxide which is a deliquescent crystalline solid, and strongly basic like NaOH and KOH . Quaternary ammonium hydroxides on strong heating undergo β - elimination to give an alkene, the reaction is called Hofmann elimination. .

Explain carbylamine reaction with an example.

Carbylamine reaction mechanism includes the addition of amine to the intermediate created from the dehydrohalogenation of chloroform. This intermediate is called dichlorocarbene. The carbylamine reaction is also known as Hofmann isocyanide synthesis. It is the reaction of a primary amine, chloroform and a base to synthesize isocyanides. The dichlorocarbene intermediate is very important for this conversion. The carbylamine reaction cannot be used to synthesize isocyanides from secondary or tertiary amines. In general, the carbylamine reaction can be written as follows, R - NH 2 + CHCl 3 + 3 KOH → RNC ( Carbylamine ) + 3 KCl + 3 H 2 O .

Write short notes on Coupling reaction.

The azo products obtained have an extended conjugate system having both the aromatic rings joined through the – N = N – bond. These compounds are often coloured and are used as dyes. Benzene diazonium chloride reacts with phenol in which the phenol molecule at its para position is coupled with the diazonium salt to form p - hydroxyazobenzene. This type of reaction is known as coupling reaction.