Protoplasm is a jelly-like, colourless, transparent, and viscous living substance that is surrounded by a plasma membrane. The nucleus, along with the cytoplasm, constitutes the protoplasm. It is composed of a mixture of small molecules such as ions, amino acids, monosaccharides and water, and macromolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and polysaccharides.

Plastids are double membrane-bound organelles found inside plants and some algae, which are primarily responsible for activities related to making and storing food. Many plastids are photosynthetic, but some are not. Some of the most common plastids include: Chloroplasts: They contain chlorophyll that helps in photosynthesis. Chromoplasts: They synthesise and store carotenoid pigments in flowers and fruits, and in certain leaves and roots. Leucoplasts: They act as a storehouse for starches, lipids, and proteins depending on the need of the plants.