Heredity is the study of the transmission of genes from parents to offspring and the laws governing such a transmission. Along with genetic characters, variations also appear during the transmission. Branch of biology that deals with the study of heredity and variations are called genetics.

Mendel crossed plants bearing red flowers (RR) with the plants bearing white flowers (rr) and produced progeny from them. The plants with red flowers obtained in F 1 generation were different from the plants with red flowers of the parental generation. Why? Explain with reasons.

Mendel performed crosses, which involved mating two true-breeding individuals that have different traits. A genetic trait is considered dominant if it is expressed in a person who has only one copy of that gene. A recessive trait is a trait that is expressed when an organism has two recessive alleles. In parent generation, plant bearing red flowers has both the dominant traits RR. In parent generation, plant bearing white flowers has both the recessive traits rr. F1 generation plant inherits one copy of dominant trait (red) and one copy of recessive trait (white) from the parental plants Rr. But only the dominant trait (red) is expressed.

Observe the illustration. Which character is expressed in first generation ? Why ?

The dominant trait of any character is controlled by the dominant allele. When a dominant allele is present no recessive allele can show its effect. That’s why only the dominant trait is observed. In the given illustration R is the dominant allele and r is the recessive allele. In the first generation, there will be red flowers as the dominant character will be expressed in the first generation. This allele controls the phenotype of the organism.

What is reciprocal cross? Explain the phenotypic and genotypic ratio obtained in offsprings, when F 1 generation is crossed with Homozygous dominant parents.

The reciprocal cross involves testing the role of parental sex on the inheritance pattern in breeding experiments. It involves crossing a pair of parents with the sexes reversed resulting in two reciprocal crosses. For example, it is used if a biologist desired to determine whether a hypothetical allele Z, a variant of some gene A, is on the male or female sex chromosome. If a homozygous tall (TT) plant had crossed with a homozygous dwarf (tt) plant, then in the F 1 generation all plants were hybrid or heterozygous tall (Tt). In heterozygous conditions, both alleles are not impure with one another. At the time of gamete formation, both alleles segregate each other and enter different gametes. Due to this segregation dwarfism (tt), the character reappears similarly in the F 2 generation phenotypic ratio obtained from the F 2 generation is 3:1, and the genotypic ratio is 1:2:1.

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Define pureline breed.

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What are Genetics? Explain Mendel law of dominance with line diagram.

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How are acquired traits different from inherited traits? (Give any two points.)

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The continuity of features from one generation to another is known as

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Define the heredity.

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Give any two traits studied by Mendel.

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The inheritance or transmission of characters from one generation to another is called

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Mendel crossed plants bearing red flowers (RR) with the plants bearing white flowers (rr) and produced progeny from them. The plants with red flowers obtained in F₁ generation were different from the plants with red flowers of the parental generation. Why? Explain with reasons.

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What do you mean by acquired characters? Are acquired characters inherited? Discuss.

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What is a dominant character?

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Define the term ‘recessive’.

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Observe the illustration.

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Which character is expressed in first generation ? Why ?

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Why are the traits acquired during the lifetime of an individual not inherited? Explain?

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What is the relation of Genetics with Human Welfare?

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Identify the word pair relation and fill the blanks,

Arrangement of nucleotides: DNA profiling
Identifying, the location of a gene in DNA: _____ .

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Gauri hurts her hand in an accident and two fingers had to be cut off. Her child is born with all the fingers on his hand. What conclusion can you draw from this?

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What is reciprocal cross? Explain the phenotypic and genotypic ratio obtained in offsprings, when F₁ generation is crossed with Homozygous dominant parents.

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The ancient grantha “Charak Samhita” has been written in which language? Explain the knowledge of charak about genetics.

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Write down the differences between the dominant gene and the recessive gene.

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What are dominant and recessive characters? Explain with example.

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A Mendelian experiment consisted of breeding pea plants bearing violet flowers with pea plants bearing white flowers. What will be the result in F1 progeny?

Define pureline breed.

Important Questions on Food-Higher Yields

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