Synecology is also called the community ecology which refers to the study of group of organisms of different species which are associated as a unit forming a community. It studies the distribution, abundance, demography and interactions between coexisting groups of organisms.

A large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna, inhabiting a major habitat, exhibiting common characteristics is called a biome. Temperature and precipitation are the two most influencing factors responsible for the biome formation. Tropical rain forest. Grassland, Alpine tundra, etc., are examples of major biomes.

Mention the conditions for determination of biodiversity hot spot. Describe any three kinds of population interactions with example.

The hotspots of biodiversity are the areas with rich biodiversity due to the presence of endemic species and these determined by the number of endemic species present in an area. If the endemism characteristic of the area is high, it will be declared as hot spot. If the risk of threatened the species leads to its extinction, then the region is identified as hot spot. The examples of some population interactions are as follows: Mutualism: It is an interaction between two species that provides benefits to both the species. For example, the association between algae and fungi that together forms lichens. Commensalism: It is an involvement of two organisms in which only one species gets benefits, and other species remains unaffected. For instance, the insects that feed on the plant known as phytophagous. Predation: In this type of interaction, one species kill or attack other species for food. One species is prey for the other species. For example, a fox attacks the rabbit to feed.

Distinguish between Endothermic and poikilothermic animals. What are osmoregulators?

Feature s Endothermic (Warm Blooded) Poikilothermic (Cold Blooded) Body temperature Body temperature remains constant irrespective of the temperature in environment. Body temperature changes according to environmental temperature. Homeostasis Maintained Not maintained Adaptation They can survive in extreme temperature conditions. These animals cannot survive in extreme conditions and show the phenomenon of hibernation and aestivation. Examples Birds (Aves) and mammals Pisces, amphibians and Reptiles Organisms that live in habitats with high salt concentrations need special adaptations to withstand the changes in salt concentrations . Osmoregulators are organisms that actively regulate their osmotic pressure, independent of the surrounding environment. Example: Freshwater Fish.

A large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna, inhabiting a major habitat, exhibiting common characteristics is called a biome. Temperature and precipitation are the two most influencing factors responsible for the biome formation. Tropical rain forest. Grassland, Alpine tundra, etc., are examples of major biomes.

Characteristic of xerophyte is

presence of water storing tissue

What do you mean by volant adaptations in animals? What is patagia?

Volant adaptations in animals refers to the adaptations that help them carry on the aerial mode of life or the adaptations that are meant for flying. Some of these adaptations in birds are: Modified forelimbs into wings. Pneumatic bones. Streamlined body Insulation provided by feathers. Patagia are the folds of skin attached to the forelimbs and hindlimbs of the bats that help them to glide in the air.