The early stages of embryo development are similar in both dicots and monocots. However, mature embryos have differences. Write two major differences between dicot embryo and monocot embryo.

The early stages of embryo development are similar in both dicots and monocots. However, mature embryos have differences listed as follows: Features Monocot embryo Dicot embryo Cotyledons This contains a single cotyledon in its embryo. This contains two cotyledons in its embryo. Plumule This occurs laterally. This occurs distally.

Observe the diagram of the young anther given below: Which layer nourishes the developing pollen grain.

Tapetum (labelled as D) is the innermost wall layer that comprises a single layer of cells. This layer provides nourishment for the process of microsporogenesis and for the maturation of pollen grains. The cells of this layer can be uninucleated, binucleated or multinucleated and have dense cytoplasm.

Observe the diagram of the young anther given below: Identify the parts labelled as A, B, C and D.

In the given transverse section of developing anther, the different layers are Epidermis, Endothecium, Middle layers and tapetum. These are labelled as follows:

In Angiosperms, the female gametophyte is known as the embryo sac. Explain its development.

The angiosperm female gametophyte is critical for plant reproduction. Female gametophyte development begins early in ovule development with the formation of a diploid megaspore mother cell that undergoes meiosis. One resulting haploid megaspore then develops into the female gametophyte. The mature female gametophyte secretes peptides that guide the pollen tube to the embryo sac and contains protein complexes that prevent seed development before fertilization. Post-fertilization, the female gametophyte influences seed development through maternal-effect genes and by regulating parental contributions.

Synergids have special cellular thickenings at the micropylar end. Write the name and function of this structure.

The synergids have special cellular thickening at the micropylar tip called filiform apparatus, which plays an important role in guiding the pollen tube into the synergid.

How can you differentiate true fruits from false fruits?

Features True Fruit False Fruit Parts involved in formation The fertilized ovary is solely a part of the plant concerned with forming the fruit. Parts of the plant concerned in fruit formation are floral elements like the perianth, peduncle, and thalamus Development True fruit develops from the ovary which is mature and ripe. False fruits arise from alternative floral elements except for the ovary Fertilisation True fruit forms when fertilization is done. Examples Mango, Kiwi fruit, Blueberry, Plums, etc. Fertilisation is not required for false fruits to develop. Strawberry, Figs, Mulberry, etc.