Draw the path of a ray of light when it enters one of the faces of a glass slab at an angle of nearly 45 ° . Label on it (i) angle of refraction, (ii) angle of emergence and (iii) lateral displacement.

The required diagram is given below: The change in the direction of light when it passes from one medium to another is known as the refraction of light. The angle between incident ray and normal is called the angle of incidence, represented as i . Here i = 45 ° . The angle between refracted ray and normal is called the angle of refraction, represented as r . The angle of the light coming out of a medium is called the angle of emergence. The perpendicular distance of separation between the emergent ray and the incident ray is known as lateral displacement.

State the laws of refraction of light. Explain the term 'absolute refractive index of a medium' and write an expression to relate it with the speed of light in vacuum.

The two laws of refraction are: The Incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane. The ratio of the sine of angle of incidence( i ) to the sine of angle of refraction ( r ) at a point in a medium is constant, i.e., sin i sin r = C o n s t a n t . Absolute refractive index is the ratio of speed or velocity of light in vacuum to the speed of light in the given medium. A b s o l u t e r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x ( η ) = S p e e d o f l i g h t i n v a c u u m o r a i r ( c ) S p e e d o f l i g h t i n m e d i u m ( v ) .

A student holding a mirror in his hand, directed the reflecting surface of the mirror towards the Sun. He then directed the reflected light on to a sheet of paper held close to the mirror. Will he be able to determine the approximate value of focal length of this mirror from this activity ? Give reason and draw ray diagram to justify your answer in this case.

Yes, the sheet of paper will start burning only when he kept it at the focus of the mirror. This will give an approximate value of focal length which is the distance between the mirror and the point where the paper starts burning. Here, we are using a concave mirror because it is having converging properties. The required ray diagram is given below: A real image of the sun is formed by the concave mirror.

A student holding a mirror in his hand, directed the reflecting surface of the mirror towards the Sun. He then directed the reflected light on to a sheet of paper held close to the mirror. Which type of mirror does he have?

The student is having a concave mirror in his hand. Concave mirror is having converging properties. Hence, in order to burn the paper, the student can place the paper at the principal focus of the concave mirror where the intensity of light will be maximum.

A student holding a mirror in his hand, directed the reflecting surface of the mirror towards the Sun. He then directed the reflected light on to a sheet of paper held close to the mirror. What should he do to burn the paper?

Mirror that is having the converging properties will be used to burn the paper. This is because to burn the paper we need to converge the intensity of sunlight at one point. This type of mirror is a concave mirror. The student has to place the paper at such a point where the intensity of light will be maximum, that is the principal focus of the mirror.

The absolute refractive index of Ruby is 1 . 7 . Find the speed of light in Ruby. The speed of light in vacuum is 3 × 10 8 m s .

We know that, Reractive Index ( R . I ) = Speed of light in vacuum Speed of light in medium Therefore, Refractive index of ruby = Speed of light in vacuum Speed of light in ruby Let V R be the speed of light in Ruby. Substituting the values in the above equation, ⇒ 1 . 7 = 3 x 10 8 m s V R ∴ V R = 3 x 10 8 m s 1 . 7 = 1 . 76 × 10 8 m s Thus, the speed of light in ruby is 1 . 76 × 10 8 m s .