Direction: Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to the question out of the four alternatives.

"The history of science is the real history of mankind." In this striking epigram a nineteenth century writer links science with its background. Like most epigrams, its power lies in emphasising by contrast an aspect of truth which may be easily overlooked. In this case it is easy to overlook the relation between science and mankind and to treat the former as some abstract third party, which can sometimes be praised for its beneficial influences, but frequently and conveniently blamed for the horrors of war. Science and mankind cannot be divorced from time to time at men's convenience. Yet we have seen that, in spite of countless opportunities of improvement, the opening years of the present period of civilization have been dominated by international conflict. Is this the inevitable result of the progress of science or does the fault lie elsewhere?

The last sentence of the passage suggests that _____.

Direction: Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to the question out of the four alternatives.

Acquisitive nature has become the hallmark of people in modern times. If a neighbour possesses a kitchen gadget like a mixer or a grinder, we too have the desire to own the same. All efforts are geared to make this purchase, whether the item is essential or not. Shopkeepers vie with each other to sell these things. It is as if the whole world has conspired to sell the mixer or grinder to me whether I want it or not. Of course, my wife wants it.

Direction: Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to the question out of the four alternatives.

S.N. Bose's experimental skill was not confined to physics alone. His energy had been channelized in several directions. One direction in which his energy flowed more consistently than in any other was the popularization of science. In a newly independent country like India, determined to develop her industries as quickly as possible, there was every danger of leadership in scientific research falling into the hands of those whom C.P. Snow has called 'slide-rule'scientists. As a safeguard against this, even before independence, Bose found a scientific journal in Bengali, Bijnan Parichaya, to spread scientific knowledge among the common people.

Direction: Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to the question out of the four alternatives.

The crowd surged forward through the narrow streets of Paris. There was a clatter of shutters being closed hastily by trembling hands. The citizens of Paris knew that once the fury of the people was excited there was no telling what they might do. They came to an old house which had a workshop on the ground floor. A head popped out of the door to see what it was all about.
'Get him! Get Thimonier! Smash his devilish machines!' yelled the crowd.
They found the workshop without its owner. M. Thimonier had escaped by the back door. Now the fury of the demonstrators turned against the machines that were standing in the shop, ready to be delivered to buyers. They were systematically broken up and destroyed by dozens of them. Only when the last wheel and spindle had been trampled underfoot did the infuriated crowd recover their senses. 'That is the end of M Thimonier and his sewing machines', they said to one another and went home satisfied. Perhaps now they would find work, for they were all unemployed tailors and seamstresses who believed that their livelihood was threatened by that new invention.

Direction: Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to the question out of the four alternatives.

Among the major tasks before us, none is of greater importance for our strength and stability than the task of building up the unity and solidarity of our people. Our country often stood like a solid rock in the face of common danger and there is a deep underlying unity which runs like a golden thread through all our seeming diversity There have been occasions when unfortunate and disturbing divisions, some of them accompanied by violence, have appeared in our society. Political democracy and the way it has functioned in our country is surely a great achievement. Here again, we owe an immeasurable debt to Shri J.L. Nehruji for his deep attachment to democracy as a form of government and as a way of life. There is something in our older cultural heritage too. I have particularly in view that enduring strength in Indian life which can best be described as respect for human personality and the spirit of tolerance. I have no doubt in my mind that it is only by methods of persuasion and mutual accommodation and by a constant search for areas of agreement as to the basis for action, that democracy can work. It is in this spirit that I shall devote myself to the duties and responsibilities of the office I have been called upon to fill. Of all the problems facing us, none is more distressing than that of dire poverty in which tens of millions of our countrymen continue to live. It is my great desire to be able to lighten in some measure the burden of poverty on our people. In this, I remember particularly the claims of most backward sections, like scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, who have suffered neglect and have had to endure disabilities for many centuries. It would be my proud privilege to work for the establishment of a more just social order.

Direction: Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to the question out of the four alternatives.

The history of literature really began long before man learned to write. Dancing was the earliest of the arts. The man danced for joy around his primitive campfire after the defeat and slaughter of his enemy. He yelled and shouted as he danced and gradually the yells and shouts became coherent and caught the measure of the dance and thus the first war song was sung. As the idea of God developed prayers was framed, the songs and prayers became traditional and were repeated from one generation to another, each generation, adding something to its own.

As the man slowly grew more civilized, he was compelled to invent some method of writing by three urgent necessities. There were certain things that it was dangerous to forget and which, therefore, had to be recorded. It was often necessary to communicate with persons who were some distance away and it was necessary to protect one's property by making tools, cattle and so on, in some distinctive manner. So, the man taught himself to write and have learned to write purely for utilitarian reasons, he used this new method for preserving his war-songs and his prayers. Of course, among these ancient peoples, there were only a very few individuals who learned to write and only a few could read what was written.

Direction: Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to the question out of the four alternatives.

When you buy a car, examine carefully the important features of the model you are considering. Many times, a buyer of the latest model has got into trouble by buying a car too broad or too long for his garage. Furthermore, a long car is too hard to manage in traffic and too difficult to park. Another feature is the comfort afforded. Are the seats nice and durably upholstered? Is there enough glass to give the driver a good view in all directions, particularly to the rear? It should be remembered that the heavier and the more powerful a car is, the more expensive it will be to operate. High- powered motors require expensive high octane petrol. The greater weight means greater tyre wear and enlarged brakes. The old cliche is still true: it is not the initial cost but the upkeep which matters.

Direction: Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to the question out of the four alternatives.

Many sociologists have argued that there is a functional relationship between education and economic systems. They point to the fact that mass formal education began in industrial society and is an established part of all industrial societies. They note that the expansion of the economies of industrial societies is accompanied by a corresponding expansion of their educational systems. They explain this correspondence in terms of the needs of industry for skilled and trained manpower, needs which are met by the educational system. Thus, the provision of mass elementary education in Britain in 1870 can be seen as a response to the needs of industry for a literate and numerate workforce at a time when industrial processes were becoming more complex and the demand for technical skills was steadily growing.

Direction: Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to the question out of the four alternatives.

The object underlying the rules of natural justice' is to prevent the miscarriage of justice' and secure 'fair play in action.' As pointed out earlier the requirement about recording of reasons for its decision by an administrative authority exercising quasi-judicial functions achieves this object by excluding chances of arbitrariness and ensuring a degree of fairness in the process of decision-making. Keeping in view the expanding horizon of the principles of natural justice, we are of the opinion that the requirement to record reason can be regarded as one of the principles of natural justice, which govern exercise of power by administrative authorities. The rules of natural justice are not embodied rules. The extent of their application depends upon the particular statutory framework where jurisdiction has been conferred on the administrative authority. With regard to the exercise of a particular power by an administrative authority including exercise of judicial or quasi-judicial functions the legislature, while conferring the said power, may feel that it would not be in the larger public interest that the reasons for the order passed by the administrative authority be recorded in the order and be communicated to the aggrieved party, and it may dispense with such a requirement.