Directions for the questions : Each passage below is followed by a question and four alternative answers. Select the best alternative.

The Sanskrit text of the Laws of Manu were first translated into English in $1794$and translations into other European languages swiftly followed. For Nietzsche, the humane wisdom of Manu far surpassed that of the New Testament; for the British Raj, it seemed to be the perfect tool with which to rule the Hindu. No understanding of modern India is possible without it and in the richness of its ideas, its aphoristic profundity and its relevance to universal human dilemmas, Manu stands beside the great epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabarata. The author of this passage

Directions for the questions: Four alternative summaries are given below each text. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the text.

Local communities have often come in conflict with agents trying to exploit resources, at a faster pace, for an expanding commercial-industrial economy. More often than not, such agents of resource-intensification are given preferential treatment by the state, through the grant of generous long leases over mineral or fish stocks, for example, or the provision of raw material at an enormously subsidized price. With the injustice so compounded, local communities at the receiving end of this process, have no recourse except direct action, resisting both the state and outside exploiters through a variety of protest techniques. These struggles might be seen as a manifestation of a new kind of class conflict.

Directions for the questions: Four alternative summaries are given below each text. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the text.

Modern bourgeois society, said Nietzsche, was the decadent and enfeebled-a victim of the excessive "development of the rational faculties at the expense of will and instinct." Against the liberal-rationalist stress on the intellect, Nietzsche urged recognition of the dark mysterious world of instinctual desires the true forces of life. Smother the will with excessive intellectualizing, and you destroy the spontaneity that sparks cultural creativity and ignites a zest for living. The critical and theoretical outlook destroyed the creative instincts. For man's manifold potential to be realised, he must forego relying on the intellect and nurture again the instinctual roots of human existence.

Directions for the questions : Four alternative summaries are given below each text. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the text.

Some decisions will be fairly obvious-"no-brainers." Your bank account is low, but you have a two-week vacation coming up, and you want to get away to some places warm to relax with your family. Will you accept your in-laws' offer of free use of their Florida beach front condo? Sure. You like your employer and feel ready to move forward in your career. Will you step in for your boss for three weeks while she attends a professional development course? Of course.

I. Some decisions are obvious under certain circumstances. You may, for example, readily accept a relative's offer of free holiday accommodation. Or step in for your boss when she is away.

II. Some decisions are no-brainers. You need not think when making them. Examples are condo offers from in-laws and job offers from bosses when your bank account is low or boss is away.

III. Easy decisions are called "no-brainers" because they do not require any cerebral activity. Examples such as accepting free holiday accommodation abound in our lives.

IV. Accepting an offer from in-laws when you are short on funds and want a holiday is a no-brainer. Another no-brainer is taking the boss's job when she is away.

Directions for the questions: Four alternative summaries are given below each text. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the text.

It is important for shipping companies to be clear about the objectives for maintenance and materials management-as to whether the primary focus is on service level improvement or cost minimization. Often, when certain systems are set in place, the cost minimization objective and associated procedures become more important than the flexibility required for service level improvement. The problem really arises since cost minimization tends to focus on out of pocket costs which are visible, while the opportunity costs, often greater in value, are lost sight of.

I. Shipping companies have to either minimize costs or maximize service quality. If they focus on cost minimization, they will reduce quality. They should focus on service level improvement, or else opportunity costs will be lost sight of.

II. Shipping companies should determine the primary focus of their maintenance and materials management. Focus on cost minimization may reduce visible costs, but ignore greater invisible costs and impair service quality.

III. Any cost minimization program in shipping is bound to lower the quality of service. Therefore, shipping companies must be clear about the primary focus of their maintenance and materials management before embarking on cost minimization.

IV. Shipping companies should focus on quality level improvement rather than cost cutting. Cost cutting will lead to untold opportunity costs. Companies should have systems in place to make the service level flexible.

Directions for the questions: Read each of the eight short passages given below and answer the questions that follows it.

Three airlines-IA, JA and SA-operate on the Delhi-Mumbai route. To increase the number of seats sold, SA reduced its fares and this was emulated by IA and JA immediately. The general belief was that the volume of air travel between Delhi and Mumbai would increase as a result.

Which of the following, if true, would add credence to the general belief?

Directions for the questions: Read each of the eight short passages given below and answer the questions that follows it.

According to Mc Neil, a Brahmin priest was expected to be able to recite at least one of the Vedas. The practice was essential for several centuries when the Vedas had not yet been written down. It must have had a selective effect since priests would have been recruited from those able or willing to memorize long passages. It must have helped in the dissemination of the work, since a memorized passage can be duplicated many times.

Which one of the following can be inferred from the above passage?

Directions for the questions: Read each of the eight short passages given below and answer the questions that follow it.

Developed countries have made adequate provisions for the social security of senior citizens. State insurers (as well as private ones) offer Medicare and pension benefits to people who can no longer earn. In India, with the collapse of the joint family system, the traditional shelter of the elderly has disappeared. And a state faced with a financial crunch is not in a position to provide social security. So it is advisable that the working population give serious thought to building a financial base for itself.

Which one of the following, if it were to happen, weakens the conclusion drawn in the above passage the most?

Directions for the questions: Read each of the eight short passages given below and answer the questions that follows it.

Various studies have shown that our forested and hilly regions and, in general, areas where biodiversity - as reflected in the variety of flora-is high, are the places where poverty appears to be high. And these same areas are also the ones where educational performances seem to be poor. Therefore,  it may be surmised that, even disregarding poverty status, richness in biodiversity goes hand in hand with educational backwardness.

Which of the following statements, if true, can be said to best provide supporting evidence for the surmise mentioned in the passage?