Identify "1" and "2" in the following diagram. Write in brief about production of vaccine.

Vaccine can be characterised as the introduction of the dead of living microbe into the body for instigating the immune cells to react and produce antibodies. In the given diagram 1 is antigen and 2 is adjuvant. A vaccine is produced on a large scale with precaution because it is to be administered to both children as well as adults. The first stage is Inactivation which is involved in the preparation of antigen. The microbe or the virus is made to proliferate in a primary cell such as a chicken egg. Once the microbe grows well, it may contain toxins and harmful substances. The second stage is purification which requires the isolation or purification of the antigen. The microbe is then isolated from the cell to weaken its strength and make it inactive. The third stage is formulation where the isolated antigen is mixed with adjuvants, stabilizers, and preservatives to form the final vaccine preparation. The role of the adjuvant is to enhance the immune response of the antigen. The stabilizers increase the storage life of the vaccine after it has been completely manufactured.

Explain in brief the mechanism of antibody-antigen complex formation with a neat, labelled diagram.

The mechanism of the antigen-antibody complex formation takes place as follows: Between antigen and antibody, there is the specificity of the determinant site. Each antibody is specific for a particular antigen. On the antigens, there are combining sites which are called antigenic determinants or epitopes. Epitopes react with the corresponding antigen-binding sites of antibodies which are called paratopes. The antigen-binding sites are located on the variable regions of the antibody. Variable regions have small variations which make each antibody highly specific for a particular antigen. Owing to the variable regions the antibody can recognise the specific antigen. Antibody thus binds to a specific antigen in a lock and key manner, forming an antigen-antibody complex.

Identify "1" and "2" in the following diagram. Write in brief about production of vaccine.

Vaccine can be characterised as the introduction of the dead of living microbe into the body for instigating the immune cells to react and produce antibodies. In the given diagram 1 is antigen and 2 is adjuvant. A vaccine is produced on a large scale with precaution because it is to be administered to both children as well as adults. The first stage is Inactivation which is involved in the preparation of antigen. The microbe or the virus is made to proliferate in a primary cell such as a chicken egg. Once the microbe grows well, it may contain toxins and harmful substances. The second stage is purification which requires the isolation or purification of the antigen. The microbe is then isolated from the cell to weaken its strength and make it inactive. The third stage is formulation where the isolated antigen is mixed with adjuvants, stabilizers, and preservatives to form the final vaccine preparation. The role of the adjuvant is to enhance the immune response of the antigen. The stabilizers increase the storage life of the vaccine after it has been completely manufactured.