Effective filtration pressure was calculated to be $20$ mm Hg; where glomerular hydrostatic pressure was $70$ mm of Hg. Which other pressure is affecting the filtration process? How much is it?

Why are kidneys called 'retroperitoneal'?

State role of liver in urea production.

Why do we get bad breath after eating garlic or raw onion?

Amphibian tadpole can afford to be ammonotelic. Justify.

Birds are uricotelic in nature. Give reason.

Nitya has been admitted to hospital after heavy blood loss. Till proper treatment could be given; how did Nitya's body must have tackled the situation?