How can the gear system be used to change the direction of rotation?

How is it possible to increase the M.A. of the given lever without increasing its length?

The diagram below shows a pulley arrangement:

Copy the diagram and mark the direction of tension on each stand of the string.
What is the velocity ratio of the arrangement?
If the tension acting on the string is$T$, then what is the relationship between $T$ and effort $E$?
If the free end of the string moves through a distance $x$, find the distance by which the load is raised.

Identify the class of lever shown in the diagram below.

The diagram below shows a claw hammer used to remove a nail: 

(i) To which class of lever does it belong?
(ii) Give one more example of the same class of lever mentioned by you in (i) for which the mechanical advantage is greater than one.

Name a machine which is used to: Multiply speed

Observe the arrangement of gears in the figure. When the first gear is rotated, which other gear would also rotate in the same direction?

Give examples where a gear system is used to obtain gain in speed.