Write the following reaction: Wurtz Fittig reaction.

The Wurtz–Fittig reaction is the chemical reaction of aryl halides with alkyl halides and sodium metal to give substituted aromatic compounds. The reaction works best for forming asymmetrical products if the halide reactants are somehow separate in their relative chemical reactivities. One way to accomplish this is to form the reactants with halogens of different periods. Typically, the alkyl halide is made more reactive than the aryl halide, increasing the probability that the alkyl halide will form the organosodium bond first and thus act more effectively as a nucleophile towards the aryl halide. Typically, the reaction is used for the alkylation of aryl halides; however, with the use of ultrasound the reaction can also be made useful for the production of biphenyl compounds of type Ph – Ph .

How will you convert the following ? Bromoethane to iodoethane

The conversion of bromoethane to iodoethane is accompanied by Finkelstein reaction. This reaction is useful for preparing iodoalkanes by halogen exchange process. Therefore, the following reaction will take place when bromoethane is treated with concentrated solution of sodium iodide in acetone to form iodoethane and sodium bromide. CH 3 CH 2 - Br Bromoethane + NaI → heat acetone CH 3 CH 2 I Iodoethane + NaBr

How will you convert the following ? Aniline to Flourobenzene

Fluoroarenes are formed by treating freshly prepared diazonium salt solution with fluoroboric acid dissolved in corresponding halogen acids. This reaction is known as the Balz-Schiemann reaction. Aniline is first treated at an ice-cooled temperature in excess of hydrochloric acid with sodium nitrate to form benzene diazonium chloride. Therefore, the following reaction will take place to obtain fluorobenzene from aniline and producing diazonium fluoroborate as an intermediate.

How will you convert the following ? Isopropyl bromide to Propene

The conversion of isopropyl bromide to propene can take place by dehydrohalogenation reaction or β -elimination reaction. When haloalkanes with β -hydrogen atom are boiled with an alcoholic solution of potassium hydroxide, the halogen is lost from α -carbon atom to form alkenes. Therefore, the following chemical reaction will take place- CH 3 2 CHBr Isopropyl Bromide + KOH alcoholic → heat CH 3 - CH = CH 2 Propene + KBr + H 2 O

How will you convert the following ? Ethyl bromide to Ethyl isocyanide

It is a substitution reaction in which the isocyanide group is substituted to form isocyanides. Haloalkanes react with an alcoholic silver cyanide to form isocyanides. These have extremely unpleasant smell and are also known as carbylamines. Therefore, the following chemical reaction will take place when ethyl bromide is reacted with silver cyanide to form ethyl isocyanide or ethyl carbylamine along with silver bromide obtained as a by-product. CH 3 CH 2 Br Ethyl bromide + AgCN → CH 3 CH 2 NC Ethyl isocyanide + AgBr

Explain with example S N 1 mechanism.

S N 1 reactions are generally carried out in polar protic solvents (like water, alcohol, acetic acid, etc.). The reaction between tertbutyl bromide and hydroxide ion yields tert-butyl alcohol and follows the first-order kinetics, i.e., the rate of reaction depends upon the concentration of only one reactant, which is tert- butyl bromide. It occurs in two steps. In step, I, the polarised C—Br bond undergoes slow cleavage to produce a carbocation and a bromide ion. The carbocation thus formed is then attacked by nucleophile in step II to complete the substitution reaction. Step I is the slowest and reversible. It involves the C–Br bond breaking for which the energy is obtained through solvation of halide ion with the proton of protic solvent. Since the rate of reaction depends upon the slowest step, the rate of reaction depends only on the concentration of alkyl halide and not on the concentration of hydroxide ions.

Define optical activity.

The ability of optically active chemicals to rotate the plane of plane-polarized light is known as optical activity. Non-superimposable mirror images are formed by optically active substances. Optically active substances lack symmetry in the form of symmetry around a point, a line, or a plane. The importance of polarisation in explaining the wave character of electromagnetic waves is important. While studying the polarisation concept, we come across a number of interesting concepts about the wave nature of electromagnetic waves, one of which is optical activity. Optical activity is a phenomena that describes the ability to rotate, and it is also referred to as optical rotation.

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How will you convert the following ?

Chlorobenzene to Aniline

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