Charge is a fundamental property of matter that determines its electrical behaviour. It exists in two forms: positive and negative. Positively charged objects have an excess of protons, while negatively charged objects have an excess of electrons. Charges interact through electric fields, exerting attractive forces between opposite charges and repulsive forces between like charges.

Lightning is a sudden and powerful electrostatic discharge in the atmosphere. It results from the build-up of electric charge within clouds, where negatively charged particles accumulate at the base while positive charges gather in the ground. When the electric potential difference becomes significant, a lightning bolt forms, creating a visible flash of intense light and heat. This discharge can be accompanied by thunder and can cause damage to structures and pose dangers to living organisms.