Brown algae are eukaryotic marine algae which possess chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c, abundant fucoxanthin. Brown algae include the largest algae. The giant brown algae are called Kelps. The largest kelps are Macrocystis ( 40 - 100 m) and Nereocystis ( 20 - 30 m). Alginic acid is a phycocolloid which is obtained commercially from Macrocystis and Nereocystis.

Bryophytes are nonvascular terrestrial plants of moist habitats in which a multicellular diploid sporophyte lives as a parasite on an independent multicellular haploid gametophyte that develops multicellular jacketed sex organs. Bryophytes (Mosses) has a radial symmetry, multicellular rhizoids. The plants are always leafy and leaves generally have a midrib, lateral branching.

The ovule is part of female reproductive organ in seed plants. It’s the place where female reproductive cells are developed into a seed after fertilization. The seed then ripens and produce a complete adult plant. Ovules are contained in ovaries at the bottom of a vase-like structure, the carpel, which has a neck called a style and an opening at the top, called a stigma.