Select the correct option: I II ( a ) Synapsis aligns homologous chromosomes ( i ) Anaphase – II ( b ) Synthesis of RNA and protein ( i i ) Zygotene ( c ) Action of enzyme recombinase ( i i i ) G 2 – phase ( d ) Centromeres do not separate but chromatids move towards opposite poles ( i v ) Anaphase – I ( v ) Pachytene

( a ) ( i i ) ( b ) ( i i i ) ( c ) ( v ) ( d ) ( i v )

( a ) ( i i ) ( b ) ( i ) ( c ) ( i i i ) ( d ) ( i v )

( a ) ( i ) ( b ) ( i i ) ( c ) ( v ) ( d ) ( i v )

( a ) ( i i ) ( b ) ( i i i ) ( c ) ( i v ) ( d ) ( v )

See the following figure and identify marked lines i ii iii and iv

MEDIUM

Life Sciences>From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes>Use a model to illustrate the role of cellular division (mitosis) and differentiation in producing and maintaining complex organisms.>Growth and Development of Organisms - In multicellular organisms individual cells grow and then divide via a process called mitosis, thereby allowing the organism to grow. The organism begins as a single cell (fertilized egg) that divides successively to produce many cells, with each parent cell passing identical genetic material (two variants of each chromosome pair) to both daughter cells. Cellular division and differentiation produce and maintain a complex organism, composed of systems of tissues and organs that work together to meet the needs of the whole organism.

Which of the following options gives the correct sequence of events during mitosis?

EASY

Life Sciences>From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes>Use a model to illustrate the role of cellular division (mitosis) and differentiation in producing and maintaining complex organisms.>Growth and Development of Organisms - In multicellular organisms individual cells grow and then divide via a process called mitosis, thereby allowing the organism to grow. The organism begins as a single cell (fertilized egg) that divides successively to produce many cells, with each parent cell passing identical genetic material (two variants of each chromosome pair) to both daughter cells. Cellular division and differentiation produce and maintain a complex organism, composed of systems of tissues and organs that work together to meet the needs of the whole organism.

Spindle fibres attach on to:

MEDIUM

Life Sciences>From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes>Use a model to illustrate the role of cellular division (mitosis) and differentiation in producing and maintaining complex organisms.>Growth and Development of Organisms - In multicellular organisms individual cells grow and then divide via a process called mitosis, thereby allowing the organism to grow. The organism begins as a single cell (fertilized egg) that divides successively to produce many cells, with each parent cell passing identical genetic material (two variants of each chromosome pair) to both daughter cells. Cellular division and differentiation produce and maintain a complex organism, composed of systems of tissues and organs that work together to meet the needs of the whole organism.

A cell at the telophase stage is observed by a student in a plant brought from the field. He tells his teacher that this cell is not like other cells at the telophase stage. There is no formation of the cell plate and thus the cell is containing more chromosomes as compared to other dividing cells. This would result in:

HARD

Life Sciences>From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes>Use a model to illustrate the role of cellular division (mitosis) and differentiation in producing and maintaining complex organisms.>Growth and Development of Organisms - In multicellular organisms individual cells grow and then divide via a process called mitosis, thereby allowing the organism to grow. The organism begins as a single cell (fertilized egg) that divides successively to produce many cells, with each parent cell passing identical genetic material (two variants of each chromosome pair) to both daughter cells. Cellular division and differentiation produce and maintain a complex organism, composed of systems of tissues and organs that work together to meet the needs of the whole organism.

A cell weighing

1 mg

grows to double its initial mass before dividing into two daughter cells of equal mass. Assuming no death, at the end of 100 divisions what will be the ratio of the mass of the entire population of these cells to that of the mass of the Earth? Assume that mass of the earth is

10^{24} kg

and

2^{10}

is approximately equal to 1000.

MEDIUM

Life Sciences>From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes>Use a model to illustrate the role of cellular division (mitosis) and differentiation in producing and maintaining complex organisms.>Growth and Development of Organisms - In multicellular organisms individual cells grow and then divide via a process called mitosis, thereby allowing the organism to grow. The organism begins as a single cell (fertilized egg) that divides successively to produce many cells, with each parent cell passing identical genetic material (two variants of each chromosome pair) to both daughter cells. Cellular division and differentiation produce and maintain a complex organism, composed of systems of tissues and organs that work together to meet the needs of the whole organism.

Below features indicates which phase of mitosis?
(i) Chromosomes cluster at opposite spindle poles and their identity is lost as discrete elements
(ii) Nuclear envelope assembles around the chromosome clusters
(iii) Nucleolus, Golgi complex and ER reform

EASY

Life Sciences>From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes>Use a model to illustrate the role of cellular division (mitosis) and differentiation in producing and maintaining complex organisms.>Growth and Development of Organisms - In multicellular organisms individual cells grow and then divide via a process called mitosis, thereby allowing the organism to grow. The organism begins as a single cell (fertilized egg) that divides successively to produce many cells, with each parent cell passing identical genetic material (two variants of each chromosome pair) to both daughter cells. Cellular division and differentiation produce and maintain a complex organism, composed of systems of tissues and organs that work together to meet the needs of the whole organism.

Attachment of spindle fibers to kinetochores of chromosomes becomes evident in:

EASY

Life Sciences>From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes>Use a model to illustrate the role of cellular division (mitosis) and differentiation in producing and maintaining complex organisms.>Growth and Development of Organisms - In multicellular organisms individual cells grow and then divide via a process called mitosis, thereby allowing the organism to grow. The organism begins as a single cell (fertilized egg) that divides successively to produce many cells, with each parent cell passing identical genetic material (two variants of each chromosome pair) to both daughter cells. Cellular division and differentiation produce and maintain a complex organism, composed of systems of tissues and organs that work together to meet the needs of the whole organism.

Which of the following is not a characteristic feature during mitosis in somatic cells?

MEDIUM

Life Sciences>From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes>Use a model to illustrate the role of cellular division (mitosis) and differentiation in producing and maintaining complex organisms.>Growth and Development of Organisms - In multicellular organisms individual cells grow and then divide via a process called mitosis, thereby allowing the organism to grow. The organism begins as a single cell (fertilized egg) that divides successively to produce many cells, with each parent cell passing identical genetic material (two variants of each chromosome pair) to both daughter cells. Cellular division and differentiation produce and maintain a complex organism, composed of systems of tissues and organs that work together to meet the needs of the whole organism.

Arrange the following events of meiosis in the correct sequence:

i. Crossing over

ii. Synapsis

iii. Terminalisation of chiasmata

iv. Disappearance of the nucleolus

EASY

Life Sciences>From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes>Use a model to illustrate the role of cellular division (mitosis) and differentiation in producing and maintaining complex organisms.>Growth and Development of Organisms - In multicellular organisms individual cells grow and then divide via a process called mitosis, thereby allowing the organism to grow. The organism begins as a single cell (fertilized egg) that divides successively to produce many cells, with each parent cell passing identical genetic material (two variants of each chromosome pair) to both daughter cells. Cellular division and differentiation produce and maintain a complex organism, composed of systems of tissues and organs that work together to meet the needs of the whole organism.

Fill in the blanks
During metaphase, spindle fibres attach to ________.
Centromeres split and chromatids __________ during __________.

MEDIUM

Life Sciences>From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes>Use a model to illustrate the role of cellular division (mitosis) and differentiation in producing and maintaining complex organisms.>Growth and Development of Organisms - In multicellular organisms individual cells grow and then divide via a process called mitosis, thereby allowing the organism to grow. The organism begins as a single cell (fertilized egg) that divides successively to produce many cells, with each parent cell passing identical genetic material (two variants of each chromosome pair) to both daughter cells. Cellular division and differentiation produce and maintain a complex organism, composed of systems of tissues and organs that work together to meet the needs of the whole organism.

Select the correct statements.

A. Tetrad formation is seen during the Leptotene.

B. During Anaphase, the centromeres split and chromatids separate.

C. Terminalization takes place during Pachytene.

D. Nucleolus, Golgi complex and ER are reformed during Telophase.

E. Crossing over takes place between sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

EASY

Life Sciences>From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes>Use a model to illustrate the role of cellular division (mitosis) and differentiation in producing and maintaining complex organisms.>Growth and Development of Organisms - In multicellular organisms individual cells grow and then divide via a process called mitosis, thereby allowing the organism to grow. The organism begins as a single cell (fertilized egg) that divides successively to produce many cells, with each parent cell passing identical genetic material (two variants of each chromosome pair) to both daughter cells. Cellular division and differentiation produce and maintain a complex organism, composed of systems of tissues and organs that work together to meet the needs of the whole organism.

Which ONE of the following sequences of events CORRECTLY represents mitosis?

MEDIUM

Life Sciences>From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes>Use a model to illustrate the role of cellular division (mitosis) and differentiation in producing and maintaining complex organisms.>Growth and Development of Organisms - In multicellular organisms individual cells grow and then divide via a process called mitosis, thereby allowing the organism to grow. The organism begins as a single cell (fertilized egg) that divides successively to produce many cells, with each parent cell passing identical genetic material (two variants of each chromosome pair) to both daughter cells. Cellular division and differentiation produce and maintain a complex organism, composed of systems of tissues and organs that work together to meet the needs of the whole organism.

By comparing mitosis and meiosis occurring in the same organism, which ONE of the following options is CORRECT regarding the DNA content per cell?

EASY

Life Sciences>From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes>Use a model to illustrate the role of cellular division (mitosis) and differentiation in producing and maintaining complex organisms.>Growth and Development of Organisms - In multicellular organisms individual cells grow and then divide via a process called mitosis, thereby allowing the organism to grow. The organism begins as a single cell (fertilized egg) that divides successively to produce many cells, with each parent cell passing identical genetic material (two variants of each chromosome pair) to both daughter cells. Cellular division and differentiation produce and maintain a complex organism, composed of systems of tissues and organs that work together to meet the needs of the whole organism.

Which one of the following never occurs during mitotic cell division?

EASY

Life Sciences>From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes>Use a model to illustrate the role of cellular division (mitosis) and differentiation in producing and maintaining complex organisms.>Growth and Development of Organisms - In multicellular organisms individual cells grow and then divide via a process called mitosis, thereby allowing the organism to grow. The organism begins as a single cell (fertilized egg) that divides successively to produce many cells, with each parent cell passing identical genetic material (two variants of each chromosome pair) to both daughter cells. Cellular division and differentiation produce and maintain a complex organism, composed of systems of tissues and organs that work together to meet the needs of the whole organism.

Anaphase promoting complex (APC) is a protein degradation machinery necessary for proper mitosis of animal cells. If APC is defective in a human cell, which of the following is expected to occur?

EASY

Life Sciences>From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes>Use a model to illustrate the role of cellular division (mitosis) and differentiation in producing and maintaining complex organisms.>Growth and Development of Organisms - In multicellular organisms individual cells grow and then divide via a process called mitosis, thereby allowing the organism to grow. The organism begins as a single cell (fertilized egg) that divides successively to produce many cells, with each parent cell passing identical genetic material (two variants of each chromosome pair) to both daughter cells. Cellular division and differentiation produce and maintain a complex organism, composed of systems of tissues and organs that work together to meet the needs of the whole organism.

Select the incorrect statement with reference to mitosis:

HARD

Life Sciences>From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes>Use a model to illustrate the role of cellular division (mitosis) and differentiation in producing and maintaining complex organisms.>Growth and Development of Organisms - In multicellular organisms individual cells grow and then divide via a process called mitosis, thereby allowing the organism to grow. The organism begins as a single cell (fertilized egg) that divides successively to produce many cells, with each parent cell passing identical genetic material (two variants of each chromosome pair) to both daughter cells. Cellular division and differentiation produce and maintain a complex organism, composed of systems of tissues and organs that work together to meet the needs of the whole organism.

A somatic cell that has just completed the S phase of its cell cycle, as compared to gamete of the same species, has:

MEDIUM

Life Sciences>From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes>Use a model to illustrate the role of cellular division (mitosis) and differentiation in producing and maintaining complex organisms.>Growth and Development of Organisms - In multicellular organisms individual cells grow and then divide via a process called mitosis, thereby allowing the organism to grow. The organism begins as a single cell (fertilized egg) that divides successively to produce many cells, with each parent cell passing identical genetic material (two variants of each chromosome pair) to both daughter cells. Cellular division and differentiation produce and maintain a complex organism, composed of systems of tissues and organs that work together to meet the needs of the whole organism.

Select the correct option:

	I		II
( $a$ )	Synapsis aligns homologous chromosomes	( $i$ )	Anaphase – II
( $b$ )	Synthesis of RNA and protein	( $i i$ )	Zygotene
( $c$ )	Action of enzyme recombinase	( $i i i$ )	$G_{2}$ – phase
( $d$ )	Centromeres do not separate but chromatids move towards opposite poles	( $i v$ )	Anaphase – I
		( $v$ )	Pachytene

MEDIUM

Life Sciences>From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes>Use a model to illustrate the role of cellular division (mitosis) and differentiation in producing and maintaining complex organisms.>Growth and Development of Organisms - In multicellular organisms individual cells grow and then divide via a process called mitosis, thereby allowing the organism to grow. The organism begins as a single cell (fertilized egg) that divides successively to produce many cells, with each parent cell passing identical genetic material (two variants of each chromosome pair) to both daughter cells. Cellular division and differentiation produce and maintain a complex organism, composed of systems of tissues and organs that work together to meet the needs of the whole organism.

Select the incorrect match.

EASY

Life Sciences>From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes>Use a model to illustrate the role of cellular division (mitosis) and differentiation in producing and maintaining complex organisms.>Growth and Development of Organisms - In multicellular organisms individual cells grow and then divide via a process called mitosis, thereby allowing the organism to grow. The organism begins as a single cell (fertilized egg) that divides successively to produce many cells, with each parent cell passing identical genetic material (two variants of each chromosome pair) to both daughter cells. Cellular division and differentiation produce and maintain a complex organism, composed of systems of tissues and organs that work together to meet the needs of the whole organism.

Spindle formation can be disuupted by exposing cell to the microtubule poison ?

EASY

Life Sciences>From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes>Use a model to illustrate the role of cellular division (mitosis) and differentiation in producing and maintaining complex organisms.>Growth and Development of Organisms - In multicellular organisms individual cells grow and then divide via a process called mitosis, thereby allowing the organism to grow. The organism begins as a single cell (fertilized egg) that divides successively to produce many cells, with each parent cell passing identical genetic material (two variants of each chromosome pair) to both daughter cells. Cellular division and differentiation produce and maintain a complex organism, composed of systems of tissues and organs that work together to meet the needs of the whole organism.

Which ONE of the following statements about mitosis is CORRECT?

See the following figure and identify marked lines (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)

Important Questions on Use a model to illustrate the role of cellular division (mitosis) and differentiation in producing and maintaining complex organisms.

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