The Sun releases vast amounts of energy. Its power output is $4.0\times {10}^{26} \mathrm{W}$. Estimate how much its mass decreases each second because of this energy loss.

(a) Calculate the energy released if a ${}_2^4\mathrm{He}$ nucleus is formed from separate stationary protons and neutrons. The masses of the particles are given in Table.

(b) Calculate also the energy released per nucleon.

The rest mass of a golf ball is $150 \mathrm{g}$.

Calculate its increase in mass when it is travelling at $50 {\mathrm{ms}}^{-1}$. What is this as a percentage of its rest mass?

Table gives the masses (in u) of several particles. $\left(\text{Avogadro constant} N_{\mathrm{A}}=6.02\times {10}^{23}{ \mathrm{mol}}^{-1}\right)$. Use the table to determine to three significant figures:

(a) the mass in $\mathrm{kg}$ of a helium- 4 nucleus.

Table gives the masses (in u) of several particles. $\left(\text{Avogadro constant} N_{\mathrm{A}}=6.02\times {10}^{23}{ \mathrm{mol}}^{-1}\right)$. Use the table to determine to three significant figures:

(b) the mass in gram (g) of $1.0$ mole of uranium-235 nuclei.

A nucleus of beryllium-$\left({}_4{}^{10}\mathrm{Be}\right)$ decays into an isotope of boron by $\beta^{-}$ emission. The chemical symbol for boron is $\mathrm{B}$.

(a) Write a nuclear decay equation for the nucleus of beryllium-10.