Gestation is the time when an embryo grows inside a woman's womb. It begins immediately following the fertilisation process. In humans, it lasts about 9 months. Until childbirth, the body and foetus go through a number of changes. This period begins with implantation and ends with the baby's birth.

In organisms, gametes are the reproductive haploid cells. They are also known as sex cells. The male gamete is called sperm, and the female gamete is called an ovum.

The process of ovulation occurs when the mature egg bursts from the ovary and escapes, travelling through the fallopian tube. During this time, the luteinising hormone surges, causing the mature egg to ovulate.

Cloning is the process of creating identical organisms. The genetic makeup of two people who are genetically identical shows no genetic variation. Microbial cloning is the process by which genetic modified or altered microbial cells divide. It is related to the process of constructing clones of organisms, copies of cells, or DNA fragments in biotechnological terms.