Describe the industrial production of ethanol from molasses under the following head: Chemical equation of the process

The chemical equation of the process of production of ethanol from molasses, is as follows: C 12 H 22 O 11 + H 2 O → Invertase C 6 H 12 O 6 + C 6 H 12 O 6 Sucrose Glucose Fructose C 6 H 12 O 6 → Zymase 2 C 2 H 5 OH + 2 CO 2 ↑ Ethanol The Industrial manufacture of ethanol (ethyl alcohol) is done using the fermentation method. In this process, sugar is first separated from cane–sugar juice by crystallization. The thick, yellow syrupy substance left behind is called molasses. Molasses are diluted by adding water to obtain a 8 – 10 % solution. Then ammonium sulphate, which promotes yeast reproduction, is added to the solution. A small amount of sulphuric acid is also added to the solution. Sulphuric acid also promotes the growth of yeast and kills other microorganisms. The mixture is filled in a tank and 5 % yeast is added to the tank and the mixture is left for two to three days, in the absence of air, at 25 - 30 ° C . Yeast is a type of fungus which has the enzymes invertase and zymase. Invertase converts the sucrose present in molasses into glucose and fructose. Ethanol is obtained by fermentation of glucose and fructose in the presence of zymase. In this process, carbon dioxide gas is released with rapid bubbling and is removed via the outlet tube.

Describe the industrial production of ethanol from molasses under the following head: Labelled diagram

The labelled diagram of the industrial production of ethanol from molasses is as follows: Industrial manufacture of ethanol (ethyl alcohol) is done using the fermentation method. In this process, sugar is first separated from cane–sugar juice by crystallization. The thick, yellow syrupy substance left behind is called molasses. Molasses are diluted by adding water to obtain a 8 – 10 % solution. Then ammonium sulphate, which promotes yeast reproduction, is added to the solution. A small amount of sulphuric acid is also added to the solution. Sulphuric acid also promotes the growth of yeast and kills other microorganisms. The mixture is filled in a tank (as shown in the labelled diagram) and 5 % yeast is added to the tank and the mixture is left for two to three days, in the absence of air, at 25 - 30 ° C . Yeast is a type of fungus which has the enzymes invertase and zymase. Invertase converts the sucrose present in molasses into glucose and fructose. Ethanol is obtained by fermentation of glucose and fructose in the presence of zymase. In this process, carbon dioxide gas is released with rapid bubbling and is removed via the outlet tube.

What is vinegar? How is it manufactured?

Vinegar is a dilute solution of acetic acid in water. It contains about 3 - 4 % of acetic acid. Manufacture of vinegar: Vinegar is produced from the fermentation of ethanol into ethanoic acid. In this process, tank is used which has holes at the bottom for the circulation of air. In this tank, wood shavings are filled and for the reproduction of bacteria, ammonium sulphate is added. Then, 10 % of ethanol is added slowly to the tank from above. Ethanoic acid is produced in the lowest portion of the tank by fermentation process. Ethanoic acid produced is known as vinegar and composition of acetic acid in vinegar is 3 - 4 % . When sodium carbonate is added to the small amount of product obtained, carbon dioxide gas is released with rapid bubbling. This confirms that acetic acid is formed.

Write IUPAC name of CH 3 OH .

The IUPAC name of CH 3 OH is Methanol. In this compound, a methyl group is linked to a hydroxyl group. When an alkyl group bonds with – OH (a functional group) then the resulting compound is known as alcohol or alkyl alcohol or alkanol. Alcohols are also known as hydroxyl derivatives of hydrocarbons. According to IUPAC nomenclature, the suffix –e in the parent hydrocarbon is replaced by the suffix –ol when naming alcohols.