The circuits that make rippled AC to pure DC are known as

A $220 \mathrm{V}$ A.C. supply is connected between points $A$ and $B$ . What will be the potential difference $V$ across the capacitor?

The output of the given circuit in Fig.

To detect light of wavelength $500 \mathrm{nm}$, the photodiode must be fabricated from a semiconductor of minimum bandwidth of