Recombinant DNA technology is a complex process that involves several steps. Write down the major steps in recombinant DNA technology.

Recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology is the technique of manipulating the genetic makeup of an organism to introduce a desirable gene in it and produce a new phenotype. Following are the basic steps involved in the process; 1. Isolation of genomic DNA -The cell or organism from which the required gene is taken is called 'donor'. The desired gene is isolated from the donor by using the restriction endonuclease enzymes (REN). 2. Insertion of the DNA fragments into cloning vector .- Vectors (vehicle DNA) are the DNA segments that are used to transfer the desired gene (passenger DNA) into the host cell. A plasmid, cosmid, or phage DNA are used as vectors because they contain an ori site, restriction sites for the restriction enzymes and the marker genes. 3. Formation of recombinant DNA - The passenger DNA is ligated with the vector DNA to produce a recombinant DNA or chimeric DNA. 4. Introduction of the recombinant vector into host - The host cells do not easily take up the foreign DNA. They are first made capable of it by using various methods like using calcium chloride, etc. Such cells easily take up this rDNA and are called competent host cells. Introduction of the recombinant vector is done by electroporation, gene gun method, etc. 5. Culture the transformed cells- To obtain foreign gene product of the desired fragment of DNA, these cells are cultured. The transformed cells are the cells that can express the foreign gene into the host cells.