Curie is defined as a unit of radioactivity, corresponding to 3.7 × 10 10 disintegrations per second. 1 curie = 3 . 7 × 10 10 becquerels ( Bq )

State the postulates of Bohr atom model. Obtain the expression for the radius of the n th orbit of an electron based of Bohr's theory.

The postulates of Bohr's atom model are: (i) An electron cannot revolve round the nucleus in all possible orbits. The electrons can revolve round the nucleus only in those allowed or permissible orbits for which the angular momentum of the electron is an integral multiple of 2πh. (where h is Planck's constant (6.626×10−34Js). These orbit are called stationary orbits or non-radiating orbits and an electron revolving in these orbits does not radiate any energy. If m and v are the mass and velocity of the electron in a permitted orbit of radius r, then angular momentum of electron = mvr =nh/2π, where n is called principal quantum number and has the integral values 1, 2, 3..... This is called Bohr's quantization condition. (ii) An atom radiates energy, only when an electron jumps from a stationary orbit of higher energy to an orbit of lower energy. If the electron jumps from an orbit of energy E2 to an orbit of energy, E1, a photon of energy hv=E2−E1 is emitted. This condition is called Bohr's frequency condition. Radius of the nth orbit (rn) : Consider an atom whose nucleus has a positive charge Ze, where Z is the atomic number that gives the number of protons in the nucleus and e, the charge of the electron which is numerically equal to that of proton. Let an electron revolve around the nucleus in the nth orbit of radius rn. By Coulomb's law, the electrostatic force of attraction between the nucleus and the electron = 1 4 π ϵ 0 ( Z e ) ( e ) r a 2 . . . . . ( 1 ) where ϵ o is the permittivity of the free space. Since, the electron revolves in a circular orbit, it experiences a centripetal force, m v 2 r n = m r n ω n 2 . . . . ( 2 ) where m is the mass of the electron, vn and ωn are the linear velocity and angular velocity of the electron in the nth orbit respectively. The necessary centripetal force is provided by the electrostatic force of attraction. For equilibrium, from equation (1) and (2), 1 4 π ϵ o Z e 2 r 2 n = m v n 2 r n . . . . ( 3 ) 1 4 π ϵ o Z e 2 r 2 n = m r n ω n 2 . . . . . ( 4 ) From equation (4), ω n 2 = Z e 2 4 π ϵ o m r n 3 . . . . . ( 5 ) The angular momentum of an electron in nth orbit is, L = m v n r n = m r 2 n ω n . . . . ( 6 ) By Bohr's first postulate, the angular momentum of the electron L = n h 2 π . . . . ( 7 ) Where n is an integer and is called the principal quantum number. From equations (6) and (7), m r 2 n ω n = n h 2 π ( o r ) ω n = n h m r 2 n 2 π Squaring both sides, ω 2 n = n 2 h 2 4 π 2 m 2 r n 2 . . . . ( 8 ) From equations (5) and (8), Z e 2 4 π ϵ o m r n 3 = n 2 h 2 4 π 2 m 2 r n 2 ( o r ) r n = n 2 h 2 ϵ o π m 2 Z e 2 . . . . ( 9 ) From equation (9), it is seen that the radius of the nth orbit is proportional to the square of the principal quantum number. Therefore, the radii of the orbits are in the ratio 1:4:9. For hydrogen atom, Z=1 &there4; from equation (9), r n = n 2 h 2 ϵ o π m e 2 . . . . ( 10 ) Substituting the known values in the above equation we get, r n = n 2 × 0 . 53 A ∘ If n=1,r1=0.53A∘ This is called Bohr radius.

Find the energy released when two H 2 1 nuclei fuse together to form a single He 4 2 nucleus. Given, the binding energy per nucleon of H 2 1 and He 4 2 are 1 . 1 MeV and 7 . 0 MeV respectively.

In the given question we have to use the concept of Nuclear fusion and apply it to solve the given question. H 2 1 + H 2 1 → H 2 e 4 + Δ E The binding energy per nucleon of a deuteron =1.1MeV &there4; Total binding energy = 2 × 1 . 1 = 2 . 2 M e V The binding energy per nucleon of a helium nucleus =7MeV &there4; Total binding energy = 4 × 7 = 28 M e V &there4; Hence, energy released Δ E = ( 28 − 2 × 2 . 2 ) = 23 . 6 M e V . Hence, 23.6 MeV will be the correct answer.

E M B I B E

EMBIBE CHAPTER WISE PREVIOUS YEAR PAPERS FOR PHYSICS>Chapter 8 - Atomic and Nuclear Physics>Tamilnadu Board-2019>Q 15

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12th Tamil Nadu Board

IMPORTANT

Earn 100

The distance of the closest approach of an $α -$ particle reaching a nucleus with momentum $' p'$ is $r_{0}$ . When the $α -$ particle travels towards the same nucleus with momentum $\frac{P}{2}$ , the distance of the closest approach will be:

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Important Questions on Atomic and Nuclear Physics

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12th Tamil Nadu Board

IMPORTANT

EMBIBE CHAPTER WISE PREVIOUS YEAR PAPERS FOR PHYSICS>Chapter 8 - Atomic and Nuclear Physics>Tamilnadu Board-2019>Q 16

When a hydrogen atom absorbs an energy of $10.2 eV$ , the change in its angular momentum is:

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12th Tamil Nadu Board

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EMBIBE CHAPTER WISE PREVIOUS YEAR PAPERS FOR PHYSICS>Chapter 8 - Atomic and Nuclear Physics>Tamilnadu Board-2019>Q 17

Define curie.

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12th Tamil Nadu Board

IMPORTANT

EMBIBE CHAPTER WISE PREVIOUS YEAR PAPERS FOR PHYSICS>Chapter 8 - Atomic and Nuclear Physics>Tamilnadu Board-2019>Q 18

Half lives of two radioactive elements are $12$ hrs and $16$ hrs respectively. If at any instant, the ratio of the amounts of radioactive substances is $2 : 1$ , then after $2$ days, what will be the ratio of the undecayed portions?

HARD

12th Tamil Nadu Board

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EMBIBE CHAPTER WISE PREVIOUS YEAR PAPERS FOR PHYSICS>Chapter 8 - Atomic and Nuclear Physics>Tamilnadu Board-2019>Q 19

Explain the spectral series of hydrogen atom. (Diagram not necessary)

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12th Tamil Nadu Board

IMPORTANT

EMBIBE CHAPTER WISE PREVIOUS YEAR PAPERS FOR PHYSICS>Chapter 8 - Atomic and Nuclear Physics>Tamilnadu Board-2019>Q 20

Explain the construction and working of a Geiger-Muller counter.