The extraction and processing of crude oil is essential for the global economy but can have a serious environmental impact. Discuss the role of biochemistry in hydrocarbon waste management and the remediation of accidental oil spills.

Describe the bonding between the components of host–guest supramolecules.

Atom economy is one of the key aspects of green chemistry. Define “atom economy”.

Calculate the atom economy of the following reaction:

$4{\mathrm{CH}}_3\mathrm{OH} + 2\mathrm{CO} + {\mathrm{O}}_2 \to 2{\left({\mathrm{CH}}_3\mathrm{O}\right)}_2\mathrm{CO} + 2{\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O}$

In green chemistry, the use of dangerous materials is generally avoided. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using ethanoic acid instead of sulphuric acid as a neutralizing agent for treating alkaline waste.​​​​​​​$\mathrm{}$

At $\mathrm{pH} 7$, a solution of alanine contains both the zwitterion and negatively charged (anionic) forms of alanine. Deduce the structural formula of each of these forms.$\mathrm{}$

State equations which show the buffer action of the alanine solution when a small amount of strong acid is added and a small amount of strong base is added.

An amino acid buffer has been prepared by mixing $0.60 {\mathrm{dm}}^3$ of $0.20 \mathrm{mol} {\mathrm{dm}}^3$ $\mathrm{HCl}$ and $0.40 {\mathrm{dm}}^3$ of $0.50 \mathrm{mol} {\mathrm{dm}}^3$ glycine solutions. Calculate the $\mathrm{pH}$ of the original buffer solution. 

Assume that the densities of all solutions are $1.0 \mathrm{kg} {\mathrm{dm}}^3$ and the volume of the buffer solution does not change when small amounts of strong acid or base are added.

An amino acid buffer has been prepared by mixing $0.60 {\mathrm{dm}}^3$ of $0.20 \mathrm{mol} {\mathrm{dm}}^3$ $\mathrm{HCl}$ and $0.40 {\mathrm{dm}}^3$ of $0.50 \mathrm{mol} {\mathrm{dm}}^3$ glycine solutions. Calculate the $\mathrm{pH}$ of the solution after the addition of $1.0 {\mathrm{cm}}^3$ of $1.0 \mathrm{mol} {\mathrm{dm}}^3 \mathrm{HCl}$

Assume that the densities of all solutions are $1.0 \mathrm{kg} {\mathrm{dm}}^3$ and the volume of the buffer solution does not change when small amounts of strong acid or base are added.