The first table gives paper chromatography results for five known ions. The second table shows the ${\mathrm{R}}_{\mathrm{f}}$ values and spot colors for three samples of waste water.

lon	Molar mass ($\mathrm{g} {\mathrm{mol}}^{-1}$)	Distance travelled ($\mathrm{cm}$)	${\mathrm{R}}_{\mathrm{f}}$	Color of spot
Nickel, ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{2+}$	$58.7$	$0.8$	$0.08$	Pink
Cobalt, ${\mathrm{Co}}^{2+}$	$58.9$	$3.5$	$0.35$	Brown-black
Copper, ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{2+}$	$63.5$	$6.0$	$0.60$	Blue
Cadmium, ${\mathrm{Cd}}^{2+}$	$112.4$	$7.8$	$0.78$	Yellow
Mercury, ${\mathrm{Hg}}^{2+}$	$200.6$	$9.5$	$0.95$	Brown-black

 

Sample	${\mathrm{R}}_{\mathrm{f}}$ value	Color of spot
$1$	$$\begin{gathered} 0.60 \\ 0.78 \end{gathered}$$	Blue Yellow
$2$	$$\begin{gathered} 0.35 \\ 0.95 \end{gathered}$$	Brown-black Brown-black
$3$	$$\begin{gathered} 0.08 \\ 0.78 \\ 0.95 \end{gathered}$$	Pink Yellow Brown-black

Sketch the appearance of the chromatography paper of sample $1$ after the analysis has been completed.

The first table gives paper chromatography results for five known ions. The second table shows the ${\mathrm{R}}_{\mathrm{f}}$ values and spot colors for three samples of waste water.

What do you observe about the relationship between the molar mass and the retention factor?

Calculate the molar mass of ${\mathrm{CO}}_2$ using the values of ${\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{r}}$ found in the periodic table. (Give the value rounded off to the nearest integer)

Calculate the molar mass of ${\mathrm{SO}}_3$ using the values of ${\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{r}}$ found in the periodic table. (Give the value rounded off to the nearest integer)

Calculate the molar mass of ${\mathrm{HNO}}_3$ using the values of ${\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{r}}$ found in the periodic table. (Give the value rounded off to the nearest integer)

Calculate the molar mass of ${\mathrm{Na}}_2{\mathrm{CO}}_3$ using the values of ${\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{r}}$ found in the periodic table. (Give the value rounded off to the nearest integer)

Calculate the molar mass of ${\mathrm{KMnO}}_4$ using the values of ${\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{r}}$ found in the periodic table. (Give the value rounded off to the nearest integer)

Calculate the molar mass of ${\mathrm{CaCl}}_2$ using the values of ${\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{r}}$ found in the periodic table. (Give the value rounded off to the nearest integer)

Calculate the molar mass of $\mathrm{Al}{\left({\mathrm{NO}}_3\right)}_3$ using the values of ${\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{r}}$ found in the periodic table. (Give the value rounded off to the nearest integer)