How would you distinguish experimentally between alcohol and carboxylic acid?

Alcohol and a carboxylic acid can be experimentally distinguished by the sodium bicarbonate test. When carboxylic acid reacts with sodium bicarbonate solution, carbon dioxide is evolved with a brisk effervescence along sodium acetate is formed. RCOOH + NaHCO 3 → RCOONa + H 2 O + CO 2 ↑ Brisk efferevescence

How is safety glass manufactured? Mention the use of safety glass.

Safety glass is made by sandwiching a thin layer of synthetic vinyl plastic in between two sheets of ordinary glass. It is then heated under slight pressure until the plastic layers merge into one another. On cooling glass becomes tough. When such glass does break, it shatters into blunt granules. It is used in automobiles & aeroplane industries as windshields.

The molecular formula of the first member of a certain group of organic compounds is CH 2 O ( HCHO ) . Determine the name and the molecular formula of the third member of this group if the members of this group are in homologous series. What is the general name for this group of organic compounds?

The molecular formula of the first member of the given organic compounds is CH 2 O ( HCHO ) . This compound is methanal, contains the aldehyde functional group. So, the third member of this homologous series is propanal or propanaldehyde. The molecular formula of propanal is C 3 H 6 O ( C 2 H 5 CHO ) . The general formula for an aldehyde is C n H 2 n + 1 CHO . They are generally known as aldehydes. The suffix used for aldehydes in IUPAC system is “-al“. Their general name is Alkanal.

"Manufacture of ethyl alcohol from molasses is a good example for fermentation." Give reasons.

Fermentation is a chemical process by which molecules such as glucose are broken down anaerobically into an alcohol or an acid at an optimum temperature. Ethanol can be made by the fermentation process. During fermentation, molasses obtained from sugarcane is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide by the action of yeast. The enzymes (invertase, zymase) also take part in this reaction. This reaction typically takes place at temperatures of around 30 ° C . 90 % of the world’s ethanol is made using a fermentation process. Thus, manufacture of ethyl alcohol from molasses is a good example of fermentation. Converting carbohydrates into lactic acid by bacteria is also an example of a fermentation process.

In the manufacture of sugar, the container of the sugarcane juice is connected to a vacuum pump. Why?

In the manufacture of sugar, the container of the sugarcane juice is connected to a vacuum pump to evaporate water at low temperature and pressure and to obtain sugar at low temperature. Evaporation becomes smooth. The vacuum pump can suck all the juice and also no impurity can mix with the sugarcane juice.