The graph below shows the effect of increasing the effect of carbon dioxide concentration on the oxygen dissociation curve for haemoglobin. The per cent saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen decreases as the partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases. Explain how this happens?

The given graph shows the oxygen dissociation curve which is a graphic representation of the oxygen saturation with haemoglobin (Hb) against the partial pressure of oxygen. The Bohr's effect refers to the shift in the oxygen dissociation curve caused by changes in the concentration of carbon dioxide, pH or the temperature. It considers that the highly active tissues release acidic metabolites causing the low pH or high CO 2 concentration, resulting in the decreased oxygen affinity of haemoglobin. Its shift to the left side represents the association of Hb and oxygen while the shift towards right refers to the dissociation of oxy-haemoglobin. Thus, the percent saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen decreases as the partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases.

The graph below shows the effect of increasing the effect of carbon dioxide concentration on the oxygen dissociation curve for haemoglobin. Explain the importance of the Bohr's effect of carbon dioxide on haemoglobin as shown in the graph.

The given graph shows the oxygen dissociation curve which is a graphic representation of the oxygen saturation with haemoglobin (Hb) against the partial pressure of oxygen. The Bohr's effect refers to the shift in the oxygen dissociation curve caused by changes in the concentration of carbon dioxide, pH or the temperature. It considers that the highly active tissues release acidic metabolites causing the low pH or high CO 2 concentration, resulting in the decreased oxygen affinity of haemoglobin. Its shift to the left side represents the association of Hb and oxygen while the shift towards right refers to the dissociation of oxy-haemoglobin. Thus, the percent saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen decreases as the partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases.

The given image shows circulation in mammalian tissue. With reference to this figure, describe the role of capillaries in the formation of tissue fluid.

The tissue fluid is formed by the filtration of blood from the capillaries. It has a composition similar to the blood except for some high molecular weight proteins and red blood cells. The blood capillaries are thin-walled blood vessels that help in the exchange of materials across them. The blood enters the capillaries from the arterioles and then from the capillaries, it enters the venules. The blood inside the capillaries has high hydrostatic pressure due to the flow of blood and the osmotic pressure is also high due to the plasma proteins. Thus, the net filtration pressure causes the water to move outside the capillaries and the formation of tissue fluid.