Can detergent be used to test the hardness of water? Give reason.

Detergents are ammonium or sulphonate salts of long-chain carboxylic acids. Detergent can not be used to test the hardness of the water. Because soap form lather with soft water only. Detergent forms lather with both hard and soft water both.

The molecular formula of the first member of a certain group of organic compounds is CH 2 O ( HCHO ) . Determine the name and the molecular formula of the third member of this group if the members of this group are in homologous series. What is the general name for this group of organic compounds?

The molecular formula of the first member of the given organic compounds is CH 2 O ( HCHO ) . This compound is methanal, contains the aldehyde functional group. So, the third member of this homologous series is propanal or propanaldehyde. The molecular formula of propanal is C 3 H 6 O ( C 2 H 5 CHO ) . The general formula for an aldehyde is C n H 2 n + 1 CHO . They are generally known as aldehydes. The suffix used for aldehydes in IUPAC system is “-al“. Their general name is Alkanal.

"Manufacture of ethyl alcohol from molasses is a good example for fermentation." Give reasons.

Fermentation is a chemical process by which molecules such as glucose are broken down anaerobically into an alcohol or an acid at an optimum temperature. Ethanol can be made by the fermentation process. During fermentation, molasses obtained from sugarcane is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide by the action of yeast. The enzymes (invertase, zymase) also take part in this reaction. This reaction typically takes place at temperatures of around 30 ° C . 90 % of the world’s ethanol is made using a fermentation process. Thus, manufacture of ethyl alcohol from molasses is a good example of fermentation. Converting carbohydrates into lactic acid by bacteria is also an example of a fermentation process.

In the manufacture of sugar, the container of the sugarcane juice is connected to a vacuum pump. Why?

In the manufacture of sugar, the container of the sugarcane juice is connected to a vacuum pump to evaporate water at low temperature and pressure and to obtain sugar at low temperature. Evaporation becomes smooth. The vacuum pump can suck all the juice and also no impurity can mix with the sugarcane juice.