Differentiate between Biodegradable and Non- biodegradable detergents. Give one example of each.

Differences between biodegradable and non-biodegradable detergents are as follows: Biodegradable detergents Non-biodegradable detergents Detergents having straight-chain hydrocarbons are easily degraded (or decomposed) by microorganisms and hence are called biodegradable detergents. Detergents that cannot be degraded by bacteria are called non-biodegradable detergents. Such detergents have highly-branched hydrocarbon chains. Consequently, non-biodegradable detergents accumulate in rivers and waterways thereby causing severe water pollution. For example Sodium lauryl sulphate. For example sodium 4-(1, 3,5,7 – tetramethyloctyl) benzene sulphonate.

Write monomer unit of polymer.

The given polymer is Nylon- 6 which is also known as polycaprolactam. It is widely used for mechanical construction and maintenance, and its monomer unit is caprolactam.

Distinguish between the terms homopolymer and copolymer and give one example of each.

Homopolymers Copolymers Polymers whose repeating structural units are derived from only one type of monomer unit. Polymers whose repeating structural units are derived from two or more types of monomer units are called copolymers. Example: In case of polythene, it is obtained by polymerization of ethene, the repeating structural unit, i.e. - CH 2 - CH 2 is derived from only one type of monomer, i.e. ethene. Example: In case of nylon- 6 , 6 , the repeating structural unit, i.e., - NH - CH 2 6 - NH - CO - CH 2 4 - CO - is derived from two monomeric units, i.e., hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid.

Give structure of monomer unit of Nylon-6.

Nylon- 6 is synthesized by ring-opening polymerization of caprolactam. When caprolactam is heated at about 533 K in an inert atmosphere of nitrogen for about 4 – 5 hours, the ring breaks and undergoes polymerization. Then the molten mass is passed through spinnerets to form fibres of nylon- 6 .

Write difference between Thermoplastic and Thermosetting polymers.

Difference between Thermoplastic and Thermosetting polymers: Thermoplastic Thermosetting Plastic Thermoplastic can be synthesized by the process called addition polymerization. Thermoplastic is processed by injection moulding, extrusion process, blow moulding, thermoforming process, and rotational moulding. Thermoplastics have secondary bonds between molecular chains. Thermoplastics have low melting points and low tensile strength. Thermoplastic is lower in molecular weight, compared to thermosetting plastic. Thermosetting plastics are synthesized by condensation polymerization. Thermosetting Plastic is processed by compression moulding, reaction injection moulding. Thermosetting plastics have primary bonds between molecular chains and held together by strong cross-links. Thermosetting plastics have high melting points and tensile strength. Thermosetting Plastic is high in molecular weight.

How does the presence of double bonds in rubber molecules influence their structure and reactivity?

The presence of double bonds in rubber molecules influence their structure and reactivity because cis-configuration about double bonds do not allow the chains to come closer for effective attraction due to weak intermolecular attractions. Hence, the natural rubber has a coiled structure and shows elasticity.

What is a biodegradable polymer? Give an example of a biodegradable aliphatic polyester.

A polymer that can be decomposed by bacteria is called a biodegradable polymer. Biodegradable polymers get degraded into simpler components like water, carbon dioxide, nitrogen etc., upon decomposition by the action of living organisms. Poly - β - hydroxybutyrate - c o - β - hydroxyvalerate P H B V is an example of biodegradable aliphatic polyester.

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