What is the Human Genome Project? Write about the goals of Human Genome Project.

The Human Genome Project was an international scientific research project to determine the sequence of nucleotide base pairs that make up human DNA. The human genome project was discovered by Francis Collins and Roderick. The main goals of the HGP are as follows: The human genome project aims at determining the complete and accurate sequence of 3 billion nucleotides that makes the whole human DNA. It aims to find out all estimated, 20000 to 25000 genes in humans. It also aims at sequencing the entire genome of several organisms which are important inisdical research. The identification of disease-causing genes and their elimination.

Draw a labelled diagram of replicating fork in DNA helix.

Figure: The replication fork of DNA A replication fork is a structure that is formed during DNA replication within the long helical, double-stranded DNA. Helicases create it by breaking the hydrogen bonds and holding the two DNA strands together in the helix. The resulting structure has two branching known as prongs. Each prong is made up of a single strand of DNA.

What are Okazaki fragments?

Okazaki fragments are short sequences of DNA nucleotides that are synthesised discontinuously and later linked together by the enzyme DNA ligase to create the lagging strand during DNA replication. These fragments are bound by DNA ligase, which forms a new strand of DNA. This is used as a building block for the synthesis of DNA in the lagging strand, on the template strand, the polymerase will synthesise in the opposite direction from the replication fork.