What is ATP synthase how does it work, and why is it important?

Assertion A: During photophosphorylation protons are transported across the membrane and accumulated inside the lumen.

Reason R: To develop proton gradient, pheophytin transfers electrons to hydrogen carriers instead of electron carrier.

Assertion (A): Electrons released from the photosystem are used by the electron transport chain during photophosphorylation.
Reason (R): Movement of electrons from pheophytin to the PS-I reaction centre is an oxidation-reduction reaction.
The correct option among the following is:

Which of the following are required for chemiosmosis?

I. A membrane

I. A neutron pump

II. An electron gradient

IV. $\mathrm{ATPase}$

The correct answer is:

Represent the union of two sets by Venn diagram for each of the following.

$X=\{x | x$ is a prime number between $80$ and $100\}$

$Y=\{y | y$ is an odd number between $90$ and $100\}$