What is BOD?

Important Questions on Use mathematical representations to support claims for the cycling of matter and flow of energy among organisms in an ecosystem.

HARD

Life Sciences>Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics>Use mathematical representations to support claims for the cycling of matter and flow of energy among organisms in an ecosystem.>Cycles of Matter and Energy Transfer in Ecosystems - Plants or algae form the lowest level of the food web. At each link upward in a food web, only a small fraction of the matter consumed at the lower level is transferred upward, to produce growth and release energy in cellular respiration at the higher level. Given this inefficiency, there are generally fewer organisms at higher levels of a food web. Some matter reacts to release energy for life functions, some matter is stored in newly made structures, and much is discarded. The chemical elements that make up the molecules of organisms pass through food webs and into and out of the atmosphere and soil, and they are combined and recombined in different ways. At each link in an ecosystem, matter and energy are conserved.

What is biomagnification? List out the effects of biomagnification.

MEDIUM

Life Sciences>Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics>Use mathematical representations to support claims for the cycling of matter and flow of energy among organisms in an ecosystem.>Cycles of Matter and Energy Transfer in Ecosystems - Plants or algae form the lowest level of the food web. At each link upward in a food web, only a small fraction of the matter consumed at the lower level is transferred upward, to produce growth and release energy in cellular respiration at the higher level. Given this inefficiency, there are generally fewer organisms at higher levels of a food web. Some matter reacts to release energy for life functions, some matter is stored in newly made structures, and much is discarded. The chemical elements that make up the molecules of organisms pass through food webs and into and out of the atmosphere and soil, and they are combined and recombined in different ways. At each link in an ecosystem, matter and energy are conserved.

Write three causes and three effects of cultural eutrophication.

EASY

Life Sciences>Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics>Use mathematical representations to support claims for the cycling of matter and flow of energy among organisms in an ecosystem.>Cycles of Matter and Energy Transfer in Ecosystems - Plants or algae form the lowest level of the food web. At each link upward in a food web, only a small fraction of the matter consumed at the lower level is transferred upward, to produce growth and release energy in cellular respiration at the higher level. Given this inefficiency, there are generally fewer organisms at higher levels of a food web. Some matter reacts to release energy for life functions, some matter is stored in newly made structures, and much is discarded. The chemical elements that make up the molecules of organisms pass through food webs and into and out of the atmosphere and soil, and they are combined and recombined in different ways. At each link in an ecosystem, matter and energy are conserved.

What is meant by biomagnification?

EASY

Life Sciences>Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics>Use mathematical representations to support claims for the cycling of matter and flow of energy among organisms in an ecosystem.>Cycles of Matter and Energy Transfer in Ecosystems - Plants or algae form the lowest level of the food web. At each link upward in a food web, only a small fraction of the matter consumed at the lower level is transferred upward, to produce growth and release energy in cellular respiration at the higher level. Given this inefficiency, there are generally fewer organisms at higher levels of a food web. Some matter reacts to release energy for life functions, some matter is stored in newly made structures, and much is discarded. The chemical elements that make up the molecules of organisms pass through food webs and into and out of the atmosphere and soil, and they are combined and recombined in different ways. At each link in an ecosystem, matter and energy are conserved.

Which of the following statements is correct?

HARD

Life Sciences>Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics>Use mathematical representations to support claims for the cycling of matter and flow of energy among organisms in an ecosystem.>Cycles of Matter and Energy Transfer in Ecosystems - Plants or algae form the lowest level of the food web. At each link upward in a food web, only a small fraction of the matter consumed at the lower level is transferred upward, to produce growth and release energy in cellular respiration at the higher level. Given this inefficiency, there are generally fewer organisms at higher levels of a food web. Some matter reacts to release energy for life functions, some matter is stored in newly made structures, and much is discarded. The chemical elements that make up the molecules of organisms pass through food webs and into and out of the atmosphere and soil, and they are combined and recombined in different ways. At each link in an ecosystem, matter and energy are conserved.

Explain the effects on the characteristics of a river when urban sewage is discharged into it.

MEDIUM

Life Sciences>Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics>Use mathematical representations to support claims for the cycling of matter and flow of energy among organisms in an ecosystem.>Cycles of Matter and Energy Transfer in Ecosystems - Plants or algae form the lowest level of the food web. At each link upward in a food web, only a small fraction of the matter consumed at the lower level is transferred upward, to produce growth and release energy in cellular respiration at the higher level. Given this inefficiency, there are generally fewer organisms at higher levels of a food web. Some matter reacts to release energy for life functions, some matter is stored in newly made structures, and much is discarded. The chemical elements that make up the molecules of organisms pass through food webs and into and out of the atmosphere and soil, and they are combined and recombined in different ways. At each link in an ecosystem, matter and energy are conserved.

What is biomagnification?Give example.

MEDIUM

Life Sciences>Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics>Use mathematical representations to support claims for the cycling of matter and flow of energy among organisms in an ecosystem.>Cycles of Matter and Energy Transfer in Ecosystems - Plants or algae form the lowest level of the food web. At each link upward in a food web, only a small fraction of the matter consumed at the lower level is transferred upward, to produce growth and release energy in cellular respiration at the higher level. Given this inefficiency, there are generally fewer organisms at higher levels of a food web. Some matter reacts to release energy for life functions, some matter is stored in newly made structures, and much is discarded. The chemical elements that make up the molecules of organisms pass through food webs and into and out of the atmosphere and soil, and they are combined and recombined in different ways. At each link in an ecosystem, matter and energy are conserved.

What is eutrophication? What is its effects on aquatic organisms?

MEDIUM

Life Sciences>Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics>Use mathematical representations to support claims for the cycling of matter and flow of energy among organisms in an ecosystem.>Cycles of Matter and Energy Transfer in Ecosystems - Plants or algae form the lowest level of the food web. At each link upward in a food web, only a small fraction of the matter consumed at the lower level is transferred upward, to produce growth and release energy in cellular respiration at the higher level. Given this inefficiency, there are generally fewer organisms at higher levels of a food web. Some matter reacts to release energy for life functions, some matter is stored in newly made structures, and much is discarded. The chemical elements that make up the molecules of organisms pass through food webs and into and out of the atmosphere and soil, and they are combined and recombined in different ways. At each link in an ecosystem, matter and energy are conserved.

Describe the process of Eutrophication in detail. What role do prime contaminants like nitrates, phosphates and other pollutants play in accelerating this process?

EASY

Life Sciences>Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics>Use mathematical representations to support claims for the cycling of matter and flow of energy among organisms in an ecosystem.>Cycles of Matter and Energy Transfer in Ecosystems - Plants or algae form the lowest level of the food web. At each link upward in a food web, only a small fraction of the matter consumed at the lower level is transferred upward, to produce growth and release energy in cellular respiration at the higher level. Given this inefficiency, there are generally fewer organisms at higher levels of a food web. Some matter reacts to release energy for life functions, some matter is stored in newly made structures, and much is discarded. The chemical elements that make up the molecules of organisms pass through food webs and into and out of the atmosphere and soil, and they are combined and recombined in different ways. At each link in an ecosystem, matter and energy are conserved.

A river with an inflow of domestic sewage rich in organic waste may result in:

MEDIUM

Life Sciences>Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics>Use mathematical representations to support claims for the cycling of matter and flow of energy among organisms in an ecosystem.>Cycles of Matter and Energy Transfer in Ecosystems - Plants or algae form the lowest level of the food web. At each link upward in a food web, only a small fraction of the matter consumed at the lower level is transferred upward, to produce growth and release energy in cellular respiration at the higher level. Given this inefficiency, there are generally fewer organisms at higher levels of a food web. Some matter reacts to release energy for life functions, some matter is stored in newly made structures, and much is discarded. The chemical elements that make up the molecules of organisms pass through food webs and into and out of the atmosphere and soil, and they are combined and recombined in different ways. At each link in an ecosystem, matter and energy are conserved.

Define BOD. What is its significance in an aquatic ecosystem?

MEDIUM

Life Sciences>Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics>Use mathematical representations to support claims for the cycling of matter and flow of energy among organisms in an ecosystem.>Cycles of Matter and Energy Transfer in Ecosystems - Plants or algae form the lowest level of the food web. At each link upward in a food web, only a small fraction of the matter consumed at the lower level is transferred upward, to produce growth and release energy in cellular respiration at the higher level. Given this inefficiency, there are generally fewer organisms at higher levels of a food web. Some matter reacts to release energy for life functions, some matter is stored in newly made structures, and much is discarded. The chemical elements that make up the molecules of organisms pass through food webs and into and out of the atmosphere and soil, and they are combined and recombined in different ways. At each link in an ecosystem, matter and energy are conserved.

Which one of the following statements is NOT correct?

EASY

Life Sciences>Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics>Use mathematical representations to support claims for the cycling of matter and flow of energy among organisms in an ecosystem.>Cycles of Matter and Energy Transfer in Ecosystems - Plants or algae form the lowest level of the food web. At each link upward in a food web, only a small fraction of the matter consumed at the lower level is transferred upward, to produce growth and release energy in cellular respiration at the higher level. Given this inefficiency, there are generally fewer organisms at higher levels of a food web. Some matter reacts to release energy for life functions, some matter is stored in newly made structures, and much is discarded. The chemical elements that make up the molecules of organisms pass through food webs and into and out of the atmosphere and soil, and they are combined and recombined in different ways. At each link in an ecosystem, matter and energy are conserved.

In an area where $\mathrm{DDT}$ has been used extensively, the population of birds declined significantly because -

HARD

Life Sciences>Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics>Use mathematical representations to support claims for the cycling of matter and flow of energy among organisms in an ecosystem.>Cycles of Matter and Energy Transfer in Ecosystems - Plants or algae form the lowest level of the food web. At each link upward in a food web, only a small fraction of the matter consumed at the lower level is transferred upward, to produce growth and release energy in cellular respiration at the higher level. Given this inefficiency, there are generally fewer organisms at higher levels of a food web. Some matter reacts to release energy for life functions, some matter is stored in newly made structures, and much is discarded. The chemical elements that make up the molecules of organisms pass through food webs and into and out of the atmosphere and soil, and they are combined and recombined in different ways. At each link in an ecosystem, matter and energy are conserved.

Match the items given in Column I with those in Column II and select the correct option given below:
 

	Column – I		Column –II
a.	Eutrophication	i.	UV-B radiation
b.	Sanitary landfill	ii.	Deforestation
c.	Snow blindness	iii.	Nutrient
d.	Jhum cultivation	iv.	Waste disposal

MEDIUM

Life Sciences>Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics>Use mathematical representations to support claims for the cycling of matter and flow of energy among organisms in an ecosystem.>Cycles of Matter and Energy Transfer in Ecosystems - Plants or algae form the lowest level of the food web. At each link upward in a food web, only a small fraction of the matter consumed at the lower level is transferred upward, to produce growth and release energy in cellular respiration at the higher level. Given this inefficiency, there are generally fewer organisms at higher levels of a food web. Some matter reacts to release energy for life functions, some matter is stored in newly made structures, and much is discarded. The chemical elements that make up the molecules of organisms pass through food webs and into and out of the atmosphere and soil, and they are combined and recombined in different ways. At each link in an ecosystem, matter and energy are conserved.

What is biomagnification? Write two effects of biomagnification.

EASY

Life Sciences>Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics>Use mathematical representations to support claims for the cycling of matter and flow of energy among organisms in an ecosystem.>Cycles of Matter and Energy Transfer in Ecosystems - Plants or algae form the lowest level of the food web. At each link upward in a food web, only a small fraction of the matter consumed at the lower level is transferred upward, to produce growth and release energy in cellular respiration at the higher level. Given this inefficiency, there are generally fewer organisms at higher levels of a food web. Some matter reacts to release energy for life functions, some matter is stored in newly made structures, and much is discarded. The chemical elements that make up the molecules of organisms pass through food webs and into and out of the atmosphere and soil, and they are combined and recombined in different ways. At each link in an ecosystem, matter and energy are conserved.

Which ONE of the following can NOT cause eutrophication of lakes?

EASY

Life Sciences>Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics>Use mathematical representations to support claims for the cycling of matter and flow of energy among organisms in an ecosystem.>Cycles of Matter and Energy Transfer in Ecosystems - Plants or algae form the lowest level of the food web. At each link upward in a food web, only a small fraction of the matter consumed at the lower level is transferred upward, to produce growth and release energy in cellular respiration at the higher level. Given this inefficiency, there are generally fewer organisms at higher levels of a food web. Some matter reacts to release energy for life functions, some matter is stored in newly made structures, and much is discarded. The chemical elements that make up the molecules of organisms pass through food webs and into and out of the atmosphere and soil, and they are combined and recombined in different ways. At each link in an ecosystem, matter and energy are conserved.

A lake which is rich in organic waste may result in

MEDIUM

Life Sciences>Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics>Use mathematical representations to support claims for the cycling of matter and flow of energy among organisms in an ecosystem.>Cycles of Matter and Energy Transfer in Ecosystems - Plants or algae form the lowest level of the food web. At each link upward in a food web, only a small fraction of the matter consumed at the lower level is transferred upward, to produce growth and release energy in cellular respiration at the higher level. Given this inefficiency, there are generally fewer organisms at higher levels of a food web. Some matter reacts to release energy for life functions, some matter is stored in newly made structures, and much is discarded. The chemical elements that make up the molecules of organisms pass through food webs and into and out of the atmosphere and soil, and they are combined and recombined in different ways. At each link in an ecosystem, matter and energy are conserved.

Excessive nutrients in a freshwater body cause fish mortality. Give two reasons. 

MEDIUM

Life Sciences>Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics>Use mathematical representations to support claims for the cycling of matter and flow of energy among organisms in an ecosystem.>Cycles of Matter and Energy Transfer in Ecosystems - Plants or algae form the lowest level of the food web. At each link upward in a food web, only a small fraction of the matter consumed at the lower level is transferred upward, to produce growth and release energy in cellular respiration at the higher level. Given this inefficiency, there are generally fewer organisms at higher levels of a food web. Some matter reacts to release energy for life functions, some matter is stored in newly made structures, and much is discarded. The chemical elements that make up the molecules of organisms pass through food webs and into and out of the atmosphere and soil, and they are combined and recombined in different ways. At each link in an ecosystem, matter and energy are conserved.

Algal blooms impart a distinct colour to water due to:

MEDIUM

Life Sciences>Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics>Use mathematical representations to support claims for the cycling of matter and flow of energy among organisms in an ecosystem.>Cycles of Matter and Energy Transfer in Ecosystems - Plants or algae form the lowest level of the food web. At each link upward in a food web, only a small fraction of the matter consumed at the lower level is transferred upward, to produce growth and release energy in cellular respiration at the higher level. Given this inefficiency, there are generally fewer organisms at higher levels of a food web. Some matter reacts to release energy for life functions, some matter is stored in newly made structures, and much is discarded. The chemical elements that make up the molecules of organisms pass through food webs and into and out of the atmosphere and soil, and they are combined and recombined in different ways. At each link in an ecosystem, matter and energy are conserved.

State the cause of accelerated eutrophication.

MEDIUM

Life Sciences>Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics>Use mathematical representations to support claims for the cycling of matter and flow of energy among organisms in an ecosystem.>Cycles of Matter and Energy Transfer in Ecosystems - Plants or algae form the lowest level of the food web. At each link upward in a food web, only a small fraction of the matter consumed at the lower level is transferred upward, to produce growth and release energy in cellular respiration at the higher level. Given this inefficiency, there are generally fewer organisms at higher levels of a food web. Some matter reacts to release energy for life functions, some matter is stored in newly made structures, and much is discarded. The chemical elements that make up the molecules of organisms pass through food webs and into and out of the atmosphere and soil, and they are combined and recombined in different ways. At each link in an ecosystem, matter and energy are conserved.

Explain accelerated eutrophication. Mention any two consequence of this phenomenon.