What is Nephritis ?

Match the following related to disorders of excretory system ?

Assertion (A): Renal calculi or kidney stones are hard crystalline structures formed in the urinary tract

Reason (R): Renal calculi are formed when the concentration of uric acid and oxalates in urine becomes less

Tests for volunteer kidney donors
If you are thinking of donating one of your kidneys to a child or another close relative, you will have to first come into the hospital and undertake some tests. The aim of these tests is to find out whether your kidney would be a good match for the family member who needs it.
Test one: blood group
We will test your blood group, even if you think you know it. If the family member who needs the kidney is in the blood group $AB$, you can be a donor whatever your blood group. However, it is far more likely that the family member is blood group $A$, $O$ or $B$, in which case you can only be a donor if you are in the same blood group, or are in a blood group $O$.
In the future, it may be possible to donate kidneys to a person in a different blood group, but more research needs to be done, and at present, this is not possible.
Test two: tissue typing
Assuming your blood group is compatible, we can then go on to test your tissue type, to see how good the match would be between your kidney and tissues in your child or other family members. All that is required for the test is a small blood sample.
The human body has a system of detecting viruses and any other material that is not our own tissue. This system causes rejection of transplanted kidneys that are of a different tissue type to our own. There are proteins in our tissues called HLA antigens that are a principal cause of rejection problems. We inherit HLA antigen types from our parents. Three types are inherited from our father and three from our mother. There are many types of HLA antigens. We can use numbers to indicate different HLA antigens. If a father's HLA antigens are 123456 and a mother's are 789101112, their child could have 123101112 or 23581012, but not 2456912 or 13481113.
The more HLA antigens that you share with the family member who needs the kidney, the better the tissue match and the more suitable you are as a donor. The more closely related you are to the family member who needs the kidney, the better the tissue match and the more suitable you are as a donor. The more closely related you are to the family member, the more HLA antigens you are likely to share. If the family member is a stepchild or other step relation, you are unlikely to be a close enough match to a donor.
HLA antigens were discovered during research into the rejection of skin grafts. Explain the reasons for them also being relevant in kidney transplantation and other human health issues.

Where is the transported kidney fixed in the body of a kidney failure patient?

Tests for volunteer kidney donors
If you are thinking of donating one of your kidneys to a child or another close relative, you will have to first come into the hospital and undertake some tests. The aim of these tests is to find out whether your kidney would be a good match for the family member who needs it.
Test one: blood group
We will test your blood group, even if you think you know it. If the family member who needs the kidney is in the blood group $AB$, you can be a donor whatever your blood group. However, it is far more likely that the family member is blood group $A$, $O$ or $B$, in which case you can only be a donor if you are in the same blood group, or are in a blood group $O$.
In the future, it may be possible to donate kidneys to a person in a different blood group, but more research needs to be done, and at present, this is not possible.
Test two: tissue typing
Assuming your blood group is compatible, we can then go on to test your tissue type, to see how good the match would be between your kidney and tissues in your child or other family members. All that is required for the test is a small blood sample.
The human body has a system of detecting viruses and any other material that is not our own tissue. This system causes rejection of transplanted kidneys that are of a different tissue type to our own. There are proteins in our tissues called HLA antigens that are a principal cause of rejection problems. We inherit HLA antigen types from our parents. Three types are inherited from our father and three from our mother. There are many types of HLA antigens. We can use numbers to indicate different HLA antigens. If a father's HLA antigens are 123456 and a mother's are 789101112, their child could have 123101112 or 23581012, but not 2456912 or 13481113.
The more HLA antigens that you share with the family member who needs the kidney, the better the tissue match and the more suitable you are as a donor. The more closely related you are to the family member who needs the kidney, the better the tissue match and the more suitable you are as a donor. The more closely related you are to the family member, the more HLA antigens you are likely to share. If the family member is a stepchild or other step relation, you are unlikely to be a close enough match to a donor.
The naming of HLA antigens is much more complicated than just simple numbering. Here is an example of a name: $HLA-A*02:101:01:02N$. This naming system has been agreed on by a committee of the World Health Organization(WHO).

Tests for volunteer kidney donors
If you are thinking of donating one of your kidneys to a child or another close relative, you will have to first come into the hospital and undertake some tests. The aim of these tests is to find out whether your kidney would be a good match for the family member who needs it.
Test one: blood group
We will test your blood group, even if you think you know it. If the family member who needs the kidney is in the blood group $AB$, you can be a donor whatever your blood group. However, it is far more likely that the family member is blood group $A$, $O$ or $B$, in which case you can only be a donor if you are in the same blood group, or are in a blood group $O$.
In the future, it may be possible to donate kidneys to a person in a different blood group, but more research needs to be done, and at present, this is not possible.
Test two: tissue typing
Assuming your blood group is compatible, we can then go on to test your tissue type, to see how good the match would be between your kidney and tissues in your child or other family members. All that is required for the test is a small blood sample.
The human body has a system of detecting viruses and any other material that is not our own tissue. This system causes rejection of transplanted kidneys that are of a different tissue type to our own. There are proteins in our tissues called HLA antigens that are a principal cause of rejection problems. We inherit HLA antigen types from our parents. Three types are inherited from our father and three from our mother. There are many types of HLA antigens. We can use numbers to indicate different HLA antigens. If a father's HLA antigens are 123456 and a mother's are 789101112, their child could have 123101112 or 23581012, but not 2456912 or 13481113.
The more HLA antigens that you share with the family member who needs the kidney, the better the tissue match and the more suitable you are as a donor. The more closely related you are to the family member who needs the kidney, the better the tissue match and the more suitable you are as a donor. The more closely related you are to the family member, the more HLA antigens you are likely to share. If the family member is a stepchild or other step relation, you are unlikely to be a close enough match to a donor.
Were the authors of the Great Ormond Street article right to use simpler names in their explanation of tissue typing? Explain your answer(s).

Is there any long term solution for kidney failure patients?

Tests for volunteer kidney donors
If you are thinking of donating one of your kidneys to a child or another close relative, you will have to first come into the hospital and undertake some tests. The aim of these tests is to find out whether your kidney would be a good match for the family member who needs it.
Test one: blood group
We will test your blood group, even if you think you know it. If the family member who needs the kidney is in the blood group $AB$, you can be a donor whatever your blood group. However, it is far more likely that the family member is blood group $A$, $O$ or $B$, in which case you can only be a donor if you are in the same blood group, or are in a blood group $O$.
In the future, it may be possible to donate kidneys to a person in a different blood group, but more research needs to be done, and at present, this is not possible.
Test two: tissue typing
Assuming your blood group is compatible, we can then go on to test your tissue type, to see how good the match would be between your kidney and tissues in your child or other family members. All that is required for the test is a small blood sample.
The human body has a system of detecting viruses and any other material that is not our own tissue. This system causes rejection of transplanted kidneys that are of a different tissue type to our own. There are proteins in our tissues called HLA antigens that are a principal cause of rejection problems. We inherit HLA antigen types from our parents. Three types are inherited from our father and three from our mother. There are many types of HLA antigens. We can use numbers to indicate different HLA antigens. If a father's HLA antigens are 123456 and a mother's are 789101112, their child could have 123101112 or 23581012, but not 2456912 or 13481113.
The more HLA antigens that you share with the family member who needs the kidney, the better the tissue match and the more suitable you are as a donor. The more closely related you are to the family member who needs the kidney, the better the tissue match and the more suitable you are as a donor. The more closely related you are to the family member, the more HLA antigens you are likely to share. If the family member is a stepchild or other step relation, you are unlikely to be a close enough match to a donor.
What is the advantage of a family member donating a kidney to a child, rather than a kidney being obtained from a stranger?

Tests for volunteer kidney donors
If you are thinking of donating one of your kidneys to a child or another close relative, you will have to first come into the hospital and undertake some tests. The aim of these tests is to find out whether your kidney would be a good match for the family member who needs it.
Test one: blood group
We will test your blood group, even if you think you know it. If the family member who needs the kidney is in the blood group $AB$, you can be a donor whatever your blood group. However, it is far more likely that the family member is blood group $A$, $O$ or $B$, in which case you can only be a donor if you are in the same blood group, or are in a blood group $O$.
In the future, it may be possible to donate kidneys to a person in a different blood group, but more research needs to be done, and at present, this is not possible.
Test two: tissue typing
Assuming your blood group is compatible, we can then go on to test your tissue type, to see how good the match would be between your kidney and tissues in your child or other family members. All that is required for the test is a small blood sample.
The human body has a system of detecting viruses and any other material that is not our own tissue. This system causes rejection of transplanted kidneys that are of a different tissue type to our own. There are proteins in our tissues called HLA antigens that are a principal cause of rejection problems. We inherit HLA antigen types from our parents. Three types are inherited from our father and three from our mother. There are many types of HLA antigens. We can use numbers to indicate different HLA antigens. If a father's HLA antigens are 123456 and a mother's are 789101112, their child could have 123101112 or 23581012, but not 2456912 or 13481113.
The more HLA antigens that you share with the family member who needs the kidney, the better the tissue match and the more suitable you are as a donor. The more closely related you are to the family member who needs the kidney, the better the tissue match and the more suitable you are as a donor. The more closely related you are to the family member, the more HLA antigens you are likely to share. If the family member is a stepchild or other step relation, you are unlikely to be a close enough match to a donor.
We understand more and more about tissue types due to incredible scientific research. What are the benefits of this research for people donating or receiving a transplanted kidney? 

Can donor survive her life with single kidney without any complications?

Write briefly on the following :

Dialysis