Meiosis is a process in which a diploid cell divides twice to generate four haploid cells. A diploid cell has 2n chromosomes to generate four haploid cells that have n chromosomes. Meiosis decreases the number of chromosomes in the parent cell to half the normal number of chromosomes and produces four gamete cells. Synapsis is the fusion of two chromosomes in meiosis during prophase I. It is the longest phase of meiosis. During Prophase I, the fusion of parental chromosomes and homologous maternal occurs to exchange genetic information.

Karyogram is an image of homologous pairs of chromosomes from a cell, organized according to their size from largest to smallest for easy visualization. It is also known as an ideogram. A karyogram provides a geneticist to define a karyotype of a person.

A narrow region at which two chromosomes are attached is known as primary constriction. The sister chromatids of a chromosome are attached by the primary constriction. The constricted region over a chromosome is known as secondary constriction. A knob-like structure is developed at the edge due to secondary constriction called a satellite chromosome or sat-chromosomes. The number of sat-chromosomes in the genome differs from one class to another.

Telomeres are non-coding, repetitive sequences at the end of a chromosome. They are specific nucleoprotein compositions found at both ends of linear chromosomes. They consist of TTAGGG repetitive sequences of non-coding DNA. The function of telomeres is to restrict the natural chromosomal ends from damage and stop them from becoming attached. It makes sure that the DNA gets replicated properly during cell division.

Euchromatin is a type of higher-order structure of chromatin that plays an essential role in the phenotype expression of genes. It is considered genetically dynamic chromatin. It is a lightly condensed or loosely packed form of DNA than heterochromatin. It is often accessible to transcription factors.