Where did Mahatma Gandhi first apply his technique of Satyagraha?

Indian National Movement

Modern Indian History is considered the history of India from 1850 onwards. The British Rule in India occupied a major part of Modern Indian History. The Battle of Plassey was a turning point in modern Indian history that led to British rule in India.

Battle of Plassey: It was fought between the East India Company (headed by Robert Clive) and the Nawab of Bengal (Siraj-Ud-Daulah) and his French Troop. The British East India Company's victory in the Battle of Plassey was the starting point of nearly two centuries of British rule in India.

Permanent Settlement of Bengal: Governor-General Lord Cornwallis brought it in 1793. It was an agreement between the company and the Zamindars to fix the land revenue. It was practised in Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, in the northern Madras Presidency and Varanasi district.

Ryotwari System: It was a land revenue instituted in the late 18th century by Sir Thomas Munro, Governor of Madras in 1820. In this system, the peasants or cultivators were regarded as the owners of the land. It was practised in the Madras and Bombay areas, as well as Assam and Coorg provinces.

Subsidiary Alliance: It was framed by the Lord framed by Lord Wellesley, the Governor-General of India from 1798 to 1805. It was a treaty between the British East India Company and the Indian princely states, by which the Indian kingdoms lost their sovereignty to the English.

Doctrine of Lapse

The Doctrine of Lapse was an annexation policy by Lord Dalhousie. As per this, an Indian princely state under the British East India Company's suzerainty would have its princely status abolished (and therefore be annexed into British India) if the ruler was either "manifestly incompetent or died without a male heir." East India Company extensively applied it in India until 1859. The doctrine of lapse annexed Satara, Jaitpur and Sambalpur, Bhagat, Udaipur (Chhattisgarh), Jhansi, Nagpur, Tore and Arcot.

The Revolt of 1857:

The revolt of 1857 began at Meerut as a sepoy mutiny on May 10, 1857.

Important leaders of the 1857 revolt and places associated with them:

Delhi: Bahadur Shah II, General Bakht Khan

Lucknow: Begum Hazrat Mahal, Birjis Qadir, Ahmadullah

Kanpur: Nana Sahib, Rao Sahib, Tantia Tope, Azimullah Khan

Jhansi: Rani Laxmibai

Bihar: Kunwar Singh, Amar Singh

Rajasthan: Jaidayal Singh and Hardayal Singh

Farrukhabad: Tufzal Hasan Khan

Assam: Kandapareshwar Singh, Maniram Dutta Baruah

Orissa: Surendra Shahi, Ujjwal Shahi

Indian National Congress: The Indian National Congress was founded in 1875 by A.O Hume and other founding members.

Partition of Bengal: The first Partition of Bengal of 1905 was a territorial reorganization of the Bengal Presidency of the then Viceroy General of India, i.e. Lord Curzon. It separated the mainly Muslim eastern areas from the mostly Hindu western areas.

Champaran Satyagraha (1917): It was the first civil disobedience movement by Gandhi in the freedom struggle.

Kheda Satyagraha (1918): Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, under Gandhi’s guidance, led the farmers in protest against the collection of taxes in the wake of the famine in the Kheda district of Gujarat.

Ahmedabad Mill Strike (1918): Gandhi, for the first time, used Satyagraha and hunger strike during an industrial dispute between the owners and workers of a cotton mill in Ahmedabad.

Home League Movement:

1. Tilak launched the Indian Home Rule League at Belgaum in April 1916.

2. Annie Besant launched the Home Rule League at Madras in September 1916.

Non-Cooperation Movement: The Indian National Congress (INC) launched the non-cooperation movement under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi on 5th September 1920.

Causes of Non-Cooperation Movement:

1. Resentment at the British after the war,

2. Home Rule Movement,

3. Economic hardships due to World War I,

4. The Rowlatt Act and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre

5. The Khilafat Movement

Civil Disobedience Movement: It began with the famous Dandi March of Gandhi in 1930. The Movement shattered people’s faith in the British Government and laid the social root for the freedom struggle.

Simmon Commission: Based on its chairman the commission was named the Simon Commission. The commission was a group of 7 MPs from Britain sent to India in 1928 to study constitutional reforms and make recommendations to the government. Since there was no Indian member in the commission, so it was vehemently boycotted.

Nehru Report: The Nehru Report of 1928 was a memorandum to appeal for new dominion status and a federal set-up of government for India's constitution. All Parties Conference chaired by Motilal Nehru prepared the report.

Poona Pact: The Poona Pact was an agreement between M K Gandhi and B R Ambedkar signed in Poona's Yerwada Central Jail on September 24th, 1932 for the reservation of the electoral seats in the Legislature of the British Government for the depressed classes.

The Government of India Act, 1935: The Parliament of the United Kingdom brought the Government of India Act 1935. Government of India Act, 1935 split into two separate Acts:

1. The Government of India Act, 1935, having 321 sections and ten schedules.

2. The Government of Burma Act, 1935 having 159 sections and six schedules.

The Act Led to:

1. Establishment of RBI.

2. FPSC, PPSC, JPSC.

3. Federal Court in 1937.

4. Bicameralism in 6 provinces (Bombay, Madras, Bengal, Bihar, Assam and United Provinces) out of 11 provinces.

Cripps Mission: The British government sent the Cripps Mission to India in March 1942 to obtain Indian cooperation for the British war efforts in the 2nd World War.

Quit India Movement: Mahatma Gandhi launched the Quit India Moment on Mumbai’s Gowalia Tank Maidan on August 8 and 9, 1942.

Partition of India: The two republic and self-governing countries of India and Pakistan legally came into existence on 15 August 1947.