Which of the following constitutional provision strengthens Indian federalism?

1. Single citizenship

2. Written constitution

3. Rigidity of constitution

4. Emergency provisions in the constitution

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

Miscellaneous Topics

1. Paragraph:

A paragraph is a group of sentences expressing a series of connected thoughts upon a single topic.

2. Essay:

An essay is a systematic exposition of a subject. It consists of a number of paragraphs designed and developed sequentially on the given subject. An essay should be concise and the style should be lucid, direct and clear.

3. Types of Letters

Letters are of two types:

(i) Personal Letter/Informal Letter: Personal letters are informal letter written to friends, relatives and acquaintances (known persons).

(ii) Business/Formal Letter: Letters written to firms, newspapers, principals of educational institutions, professional men, officials and to people not personally known are formal letters. The language used in these letters is simple and clear.

4. Paraphrasing:

The word paraphrase means 'to tell same thing in other words'. It helps bringing out the ideas of the given passage more fully and more carefully. It involves explanation, interpretation and expansion of the original passage. It is just a translation from one style of writing into another in the same language, for example poetry into prose.

5. Note making:

Note making is an advanced writing skill which is gaining increasing importance. It is in fact the way to understand a given passage, very clearly and to be able to communicate its gist to those who need it. It is of great practical importance. Business executives, politicians etc. who have little time to spare to read the long report and other documents depend upon their secretaries to make a summary of such things for them. It is gathering skill which summarises a passage.

6. Report:

A report is the description of an event or a situation. It can be about events, accidents, burglaries, matches etc. It should be simple and clear. It should be written in third person and in passive voice.

7. Notice

It is a short paragraph which provides particular information. It should be simple, short and in indirect language. It should be in passive voice.

8. Poster:

It is an eye-catching information. It should have relevant content and visual appeal. It should be creative.

9. Drafting SMS:

In modern times, SMS has replaced the usage of greeting cards. Often we sent SMS to communicate our ideas to our near and dear ones. There are pre-designed templates for different occasions. Using such templates saves time.

10. Bio Data/Resume

Bio data or resume is an inventory of applicant's personal details, educational qualifications, specialized training, experience, skills, abilities, achievements, references and other relevant information. A well-written bio-data attracts the attention of the employer instantly.