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Which of the following graphs represents the motion of a planet moving about the sun?

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Important Questions on Gravitation

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A planet is revolving around the sun as shown in elliptical path

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The correct option is 

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A planet is revolving around the sun in an elliptical path as shown in the figure. The orbital velocity of the planet will be minimum at

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Different points in the earth are at slightly different distances from the sun and hence, experience different forces due to gravitation. For a rigid body, we know that if various forces act at various points in it, the resultant motion is as if a net force acts on the CM (centre of mass) causing translation and a net torque at the CM causing rotation around an axis through the CM. For the earth sun system (approximating the earth as a uniform density sphere),
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In our solar system, the inter-planetary region has chunks of matter (much smaller in size compared to planets) called asteroids. They
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Particles of masses 2M, m and M are placed respectively at points A, B and C with AB=12BC. m is much-much smaller than M and at time t=0, they are all at rest as given in figure. At subsequent times before any collision takes place.

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If the law of gravitation, instead of being inverse square law, becomes an inverse cube law, then
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If the mass of the sun were ten times smaller than what it is and the gravitational constant G were ten times larger in magnitude, then, 
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There have been suggestions that the value of the gravitational constant G becomes smaller when considered over very large time period (in billions of years) in the future. If that happens, for our earth,