The process of adding impurities to a pure semiconductor is called doping. The doped material is referred as extrinsic semiconductor. Doping is done to generate either a surplus or a deficiency in valence electrons.

Suppose a ‘ n ’ -type wafer is created by doping Si crystal having 5 × 10 28 atoms / m 3 with 1 ppm concentration of A s . On the surface 200 ppm Boron is added to create ‘ P ’ region in this wafer.Considering n i = 1 . 5 × 10 16 m – 3 , (i) Calculate the densities of the charge carriers in the n & p regions. (ii) Comment which charge carriers would contribute largely for the reverse saturation current when diode is reverse biased.

When A s (pentavalent) is added to S i the n -type wafer is created. So, the number of majority carriers in n - type wafer, N e = N D and D Si = 1 10 6 × 5 × 10 28 = 5 × 10 22 / m 3 For number of minority carriers n h n e × n h = n i 2 n h = n i 2 n e = 1 . 5 × 10 15 × 1 . 5 × 10 16 5 × 10 22 ( n i = 1 . 5 × 10 16 / m 3 ) (Given) = 0 . 3 × 1 . 5 × 10 32 - 22 = 0 . 45 × 10 + 10 electrons per m 3 When boron(trivalent) is implanted in S i crystal, p - type wafer is formed with number of holes, n h = ( N D × n of S i ) = 200 10 6 × 5 × 10 28 = 1000 × 10 28 - 6 n h = 1 × 10 25 per m 3 Minority carrier in p - type water n e × n h = n i 2 n e = n i 2 n h = 1 . 5 × 10 16 × 1 . 5 × 10 16 10 25 = 2 . 25 × 10 7 = 2 . 25 × 10 7 electrons per m 3 When reversed bias is applied on p - n junction then the minority charge carrier moves towards depletion layer i . e . , holes n h = ( 0 . 45 × 10 10 per m 3 ) from n side and n e = 2 . 25 × 10 7 / m 3 from p side moves towards junction and make the depletion layer thicker.

The number of silicon atoms per m 3 is 5 × 10 28 . This is doped simultaneously with 5 × 10 22 atoms per m 3 of Arsenic and 5 × 10 20 per m 3 atoms of Indium. Calculate the number of electrons and holes. Given that n i = 1.5 × 10 16 m – 3 . Is the material n-type or p-type?

Given, Number of silicon atoms, N = 5 × 10 28 a t o m s / m 3 Number of Arsenic atoms, n A s = 5 × 10 22 a t o m s / m 3 Number of Indium atoms, n I n = 5 × 10 20 a t o m s / m 3 Arsenic produces n-type and Indium produces p-type semiconductors. From the given information, the concentration of Arsenic is more than that of Indium. Hence, it material will be n-type and the majority carriers will be electrons.

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Important Questions on Atoms

EASY

Physics>Modern Physics>Atoms>Early Atomic Models

Write the names of the following:

A 2 mya primate that lived in East African grasslands.

EASY

Physics>Modern Physics>Atoms>Early Atomic Models

Write the names of the following :

A 15 mya primate that was ape-like.

MEDIUM

Physics>Modern Physics>Atoms>Early Atomic Models

The brain capacities of which man were between 650-800 cc in course of human evolution?

EASY

Physics>Modern Physics>Atoms>Early Atomic Models

A donor impurity results in

EASY

Physics>Modern Physics>Atoms>Early Atomic Models

Mobilities of electrons and holes in a sample of intrinsic germanium at room temperature are

0.54 m^{2} v^{- 1} s^{- 1}

and

0.18 m^{2} v^{- 1} s^{- 1}

respectively. If the electron and hole densities are equal to

3.6 \times 10^{19} m^{- 3}

, calculate the germanium conductivity. Take,

e = 1.6 \times 10^{- 19} C

EASY

Physics>Modern Physics>Atoms>Early Atomic Models

What is doping?

EASY

Physics>Modern Physics>Atoms>Early Atomic Models

Why are elemental dopants for Silicon or Germanium usually chosen from group

XIII

or group

XV

MEDIUM

Physics>Modern Physics>Atoms>Early Atomic Models

Suppose a

‘ n ’

-type wafer is created by doping

Si

crystal having

5 \times 10^{28} atoms / m^{3}

with

1 ppm

concentration of

A s

. On the surface

200 ppm

Boron is added to create

‘ P ’

region in this wafer.Considering

n_{i} = 1.5 \times 10^{16} m^{- 3}

, (i) Calculate the densities of the charge carriers in the

n & p

regions. (ii) Comment which charge carriers would contribute largely for the reverse saturation current when diode is reverse biased.

EASY

Physics>Modern Physics>Atoms>Early Atomic Models

Pure silicon at

300 K

has equal electron and hole concentrations of

1.5 \times 10^{16} m^{- 3} .

Doping by indium increases the hole concentration to

4.5 \times 10^{22} m^{- 3} .

Calculate the new electron concentration in the doped silicon.

EASY

Physics>Modern Physics>Atoms>Early Atomic Models

What type of charge carriers are there in an

n

-type semiconductor?

EASY

Physics>Modern Physics>Atoms>Early Atomic Models

Determine the number density of donor atoms which have to be added to an intrinsic germanium to produce an n-type semiconductor of conductivity

0.06 S m^{- 1} .

Given the mobility of electrons

= 0.39 m^{2} V^{- 1} s^{- 1} .

Neglect the contribution of holes to the conductivity. Take:

e = 1.6 \times 10^{- 19} C

EASY

Physics>Modern Physics>Atoms>Early Atomic Models

In a n-type silicon, which of the following statement is true:

MEDIUM

Physics>Modern Physics>Atoms>Early Atomic Models

A semiconductor has the electron concentration of

8 \times 10^{13} c m^{- 3}

and hole concentration of

4 \times 10^{13} c m^{- 3} .

Is the semiconductor p-type or n-type? Also, calculate the resistivity of this semiconductor. Given electron mobility

= 24,000 c m^{2} V^{- 1} s^{- 1}

and hole mobility

= 200 c m^{2} V^{- 1} s^{- 1}

EASY

Physics>Modern Physics>Atoms>Early Atomic Models

A semiconductor is known to have an electron concentration of

8 \times 10^{13} {cm}^{- 3}

and a hole concentration of

5 \times 10^{12} {cm}^{- 3}

. The semiconductor is

EASY

Physics>Modern Physics>Atoms>Early Atomic Models

What type of impurity is added to obtain

n

-type semiconductor?

MEDIUM

Physics>Modern Physics>Atoms>Early Atomic Models

The resistivity of pure germanium at a particular temperature is

0.52 Ω m .

If the material is doped with

10^{20}

atoms per

m^{- 3}

of a trivalent impurity material, determine the new resistivity. The electron and hole mobilities are given to be

0.2 m^{2} V^{- 1} s^{- 1}

and

0.4 m^{2} V^{- 1} s^{- 1}

respectively. Take

e = 1.6 \times 10^{- 19} C

MEDIUM

Physics>Modern Physics>Atoms>Early Atomic Models

A silicon specimen is made into a

p

-type semiconductor by doping, on an average, one indium atom per

{5 \times 10}^{7}

silicon atoms. If the number density of atoms in the silicon specimen is

{5 \times 10}^{28}

atoms

m^{- 3}

, then the number of acceptor atoms in silicon per cubic centimeter will be

HARD

Physics>Modern Physics>Atoms>Early Atomic Models

Germanium is doped one part per million with indium at room temperature. Calculate the conductivity of doped germanium. Given, concentration of

G e

atoms

= 4.4 \times 10^{28} m^{- 3},

intrinsic carrier concentration

(n_{i}) = 2.4 \times 10^{19} m^{- 3},

μ_{e} = 0.39 m^{2} V^{- 1} s^{- 1}

and

μ_{h} = 0.19 m^{2} V^{1} s^{- 1} .

MEDIUM

Physics>Modern Physics>Atoms>Early Atomic Models

The number of silicon atoms per

m^{3}

5 \times 10^{28}

. This is doped simultaneously with

5 \times 10^{22}

atoms per

m^{3}

of Arsenic and

5 \times 10^{20}

per

m^{3}

atoms of Indium. Calculate the number of electrons and holes. Given that

n_{i} = 1.5 \times 10^{16} m^{- 3}

. Is the material n-type or p-type?

MEDIUM

Physics>Modern Physics>Atoms>Early Atomic Models

A semiconductor has the electron concentration

4 \times 10^{12} c m^{- 3}

and the hole concentration

7 \times 10^{13} c m^{- 3}

. Is the substance n-type or p-type? Also, calculate the conductivity of this semiconductor. Given electron mobility

= 22,000 c m^{2} V^{- 1} s^{- 1}

and hole mobility

= 150 c m V^{- 1} s^{- 1} .

Take,

e = 1 .6 \times 10^{- 19} C

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Important Questions on Atoms

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