Which of the labelled parts of human brain is concerned with swallowing, coughing, sneezing and vomiting?

The below diagram is the cyclic series of reactions that occurs during carbon fixation stage of photosynthesis.

(i) Carbon dioxide is taken into the cycle at stage $\underset{¯}{A}$.
(ii) Hydrogen from reduced hydrogen acceptor is used at stage $\underset{¯}{B}$

(iii) Energy from ATP is used to drive stage $C$
(iv) The substance formed at position$Y$ is $D$

(v) If one molecule of substance$Y$ is released per cycle, the cycle must turn $E$ times for one molecule of sucrose $\left({\mathrm{C}}_{12}{\mathrm{H}}_{22}{\mathrm{O}}_{11}\right)$ to be built up at position $\mathrm{Z}$.

The given graph shows pressure changes in the left side of the heart during a single heartbeat.

Between points $\mathrm{W}$ and $\mathrm{X}$, which of the following valves are open or closed respectively?