Let N be the set of natural numbers and R be the relation on N × N defined by ( a , b ) R ( c , d ) iff a d = b c for all a , b , c , d ∈ N . Show that R is an equivalence relation.

Given that, N is the set of natural numbers and R be the relation on N × N defined by ( a , b ) R ( c , d ) iff a d = b c for all a , b , c , d ∈ N We know that, a relation R that is reflexive, symmetric and transitive is called an equivalence relation. Reflexive: For any ( a , b ) ∈ N × N a · b = b · a ∴ ( a , b ) R ( a , b ) Thus, R is reflexive Symmetric: For any ( a , b ) , ( c , d ) ∈ N × N ( a , b ) R ( c , d ) ⇒ a · d = b · c ⇒ c · b = d · a ⇒ ( c , d ) R ( a , b ) Thus, R is symmetric Transitive: For any ( a , b ) , ( c , d ) , ( e , f ) , ∈ N × N ( a , b ) R ( c , d ) and ( c , d ) R ( e , f ) ⇒ a · d = b · c and c · f = d · e ⇒ a · d · c · f = b · c · d · e ⇒ a · f = b · e ∴ ( a , b ) R ( e , f ) Thus, R is transitive Therefore, R is an equivalence Relation.

Check whether the relation R defined in the set 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 as R = a , b : b = a + 1 is reflexive, symmetric or transitive.

Suppose A = 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 . A relation R is defined on set A as: R = { ( a , b ) : b = a + 1 } ∴ R = { ( 1, 2 ) , 2 , 3 , 3 , 4 , 4 , 5 , 5 , 6 } Reflexive Property : A relation R in a set A is said to be reflexive if x , x ∈ R , for every x ∈ A Now, 1 , 1 , 2 , 2 , 3 , 3 , 4 , 4 , 5 , 5 , 6 , 6 ∉ R ∴ R is not reflexive. Symmetric Property : A relation R in a set A is said to be symmetric if x , y ∈ R implies that y , x ∈ R for all x , y ∈ A . Now it can be observed that 1 , 2 ∈ R , but 2 , 1 ∉ R . Hence , R is not symmetric. Transitive Property : A relation R in a set A is said to be transitive if x , y ∈ R and y , z ∈ R implies that x , z ∈ R for all x , y , z ∈ A . Now, 1 , 2 , 2 , 3 ∈ R but, ( 1 , 3 ) ∉ R ∴ R is not transitive. Hence, R is neither reflexive, nor symmetric, nor transitive.

Show that the relation R on R is defined as R = { ( a , b ) : a ≤ b } , is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric.

Given, R = a , b : a ≤ b , a , b ∈ R For the relation R to be reflexive: If the relation R is reflexive, then a , a ∈ R i.e. a ≤ a , which is always true for all the values of a , a ∈ R So, the given relation R is reflexive. For the relation R to be symmetric: If a , b ∈ R then b , a ∈ R i.e. if a ≤ b then b ≤ a , which is not possible for all the values of a , b ∈ R . For example: if a = 2 and b = 5 Here, a < b but b > a So, the given relation R is not symmetric. For the relation R to be transitive: If a , b ∈ R and b , c ∈ R then a , c ∈ R i.e.,if a ≤ b and b ≤ c then a ≤ c , which is true for all the values of a , b , c ∈ R . For example: if a = 2 , b = 3 and c = 4 Here, a < b < c So, the given relation is transitive. Hence, the given relation R is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric.

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Important Questions on Human Reproduction

HARD

Biology>Reproduction>Human Reproduction>Parturition

Draw a graph of potential energy vs reaction co-ordinates showing the effect of catalyst on activation energy

(E_{a})

of a reaction.

EASY

Biology>Reproduction>Human Reproduction>Parturition

The addition of a catalyst during a chemical reaction alters which of the following quantities?

EASY

Biology>Reproduction>Human Reproduction>Parturition

For the equilibrium,

A (g) ⇌ B (g), ∆ H is - 40 kJ / mol

. If the ratio of the activation energies of the forward

(E_{f})

and reverse

(E_{b})

reactions is

\frac{2}{3}

then:

EASY

Biology>Reproduction>Human Reproduction>Parturition

Write the Arrhenius equation for the rate constant (k) of a reaction.

EASY

Biology>Reproduction>Human Reproduction>Parturition

A relation

R

in a set

A

is called _____, if

(a_{1}, a_{2}) \in R

implies

(a_{2}, a_{1}) \in R

, for all

a_{1}, a_{2} \in A

EASY

Biology>Reproduction>Human Reproduction>Parturition

What is activation energy of a reaction?

EASY

Biology>Reproduction>Human Reproduction>Parturition

The rate of a reaction doubles when its temperature changes from

300 K to 310 K

. Activation energy of such a reaction will be:

(R = {8.314 JK}^{-1} {mol}^{-1} and log 2 = 0.301)

HARD

Biology>Reproduction>Human Reproduction>Parturition

Explain the principle and working of a nuclear reactor with the help of a labelled diagram.

HARD

Biology>Reproduction>Human Reproduction>Parturition

Let

N

be the set of natural numbers and

R

be the relation on

N \times N

defined by

(a, b) R (c, d) iff a d = b c

for all

a, b, c, d \in N

. Show that

R

is an equivalence relation.

EASY

Biology>Reproduction>Human Reproduction>Parturition

Check whether the relation

R

defined in the set

\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6\}

R = \{(a, b) : b = a + 1\}

is reflexive, symmetric or transitive.

EASY

Biology>Reproduction>Human Reproduction>Parturition

Will the rate constant of the reaction depend upon

T

if the

E_{act}

(activation energy) of the reaction is zero?

MEDIUM

Biology>Reproduction>Human Reproduction>Parturition

Show that the relation

R

R

is defined as

R = {(a, b) : a \leq b}

, is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric.

MEDIUM

Biology>Reproduction>Human Reproduction>Parturition

2 M e V

neutron is emitted in a fission reactor. If it looses half of its kinetic energy in each collision with a moderator atom, how many collisions must it undergo to achieve thermal energy of

0.039 e V

EASY

Biology>Reproduction>Human Reproduction>Parturition

Define activation energy.

EASY

Biology>Reproduction>Human Reproduction>Parturition

The ratio of mass densities of nuclei of

^{40} C a

and

^{16} O

is close to:

EASY

Biology>Reproduction>Human Reproduction>Parturition

The signals for the parturition process originate from

MEDIUM

Biology>Reproduction>Human Reproduction>Parturition

Which of the following induces parturition?

MEDIUM

Biology>Reproduction>Human Reproduction>Parturition

Let

R

be a relation defined on

ℕ

as a

R

b is

2 a + 3 b

is a multiple of

5, a, b \in ℕ

. Then

R

HARD

Biology>Reproduction>Human Reproduction>Parturition

Let

A = {x \in Z : 0 \leq x \leq 12}

. Show that

R = {(a, b) : a, b \in A, | a - b | is divisible by 4}

is an equivalence relation. Find the set of all elements related to

1

. Also write the equivalence class

[2]

EASY

Biology>Reproduction>Human Reproduction>Parturition

Consider the non-empty set consisting of children in a family and a relation

R

defined as

a R b

a

is brother of

b

. Then

R

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Important Questions on Human Reproduction

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