Sergey Bylikin, Gary Horner and, Brian Murphy Solutions for Chapter: Atomic Structure, Exercise 8: Questions

Distinguish between a continuous spectrum and a line spectrum.

The thinning of the ozone layer increases the amount of $\mathrm{UV}-\mathrm{B}$ radiation that reaches the earth's surface.

Based on the information in table, explain why $\mathrm{UV}-\mathrm{B}$ rays are more dangerous than $\mathrm{UV}-\mathrm{A}$.

Deduce the full electronic configuration for $\mathrm{Mn}$ and ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{2+}$.

Deduce the condensed electron configuration for ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{2+}$.

Draw orbital diagrams for ${\mathrm{Co}}^{2+}$ and $\mathrm{As}$.

Atoms are often drawn as spheres. Comment on the use of this representation as a model.

Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus. Discuss this statement with regard to the use of electricity and magnetism in Thomson's experiments with cathode rays.

In many textbooks the electronic configuration for vanadium is written as $\left[\mathrm{Ar}\right]4{\mathrm{s}}^{2}3{\mathrm{d}}^3$. This is common practice and widely accepted by the chemical community. However, suggest why this way of writing the electronic configuration for vanadium may be at odds with experimental evidence.