Content or Ideas of Passage

Read the following passage and answer the question:

An effective way of describing what interpersonal communication is, or is not, is perhaps to capture the underlying beliefs using specific game analogies.
Communication as Bowling: The bowling model of message delivery is probably the most widely held view of communication. I think that's unfortunate. The model sees the bowler as the sender, who delivers the ball, which is the message. As it rolls down the lane (the channel), clutter on the boards (noise) may deflect the ball (the message). Yet if it is aimed well, the ball strikes the passive pins (the target audience) with a predictable effect. In the one-way model of communication, the speaker (bowler) must take care to select a precisely crafted message (ball) and practice diligently to deliver it the same way every time. Of course, that makes sense only if target listeners are interchangeable, static pins waiting to be bowled over by our words - which they aren't.
This has led some observers to propose an interactive model of interpersonal communication.
Communication as Ping-Pong: Unlike bowling, Ping-Pong is not a game. This fact alone makes a better analogy for interpersonal communication. One party puts the conversational ball in play, and the other gets into a position to receive. It takes more concentration and skill to receive than to serve because while the speaker (server) knows where the message is going, the listener (receiver) doesn't. Like a verbal or nonverbal message, the ball may appear straightforward yet have a deceptive spin.
Ping-Pong is a back-and-forth game; players switch roles continuously. One moment the person holding the paddle is an initiator, the next second the same player is a responder, gauging the effectiveness of his or her shot by the way the ball comes back. The repeated adjustment essential for good play closely parallels the feedback process described in a number of interpersonal communication theories.
Communication as Dumb Charades: The game of charades best captures the simultaneous and collaborative nature of interpersonal communication. A charade is neither an action, like bowling a strike, nor an interaction, like a rally in Ping-Pong. It's a transaction.
Charades is a mutual game, the actual play is cooperative. One member draws a title or slogan from a batch of possibilities and then tries to act it out visually for teammates in a silent mini-drama. The goal is to get at least one partner to say the exact words that are on the slip of paper. Of course, the actor is prohibited from talking out loud.
Suppose you drew the saying, "God helps those who help themselves.' For God, you might try folding your hands and gazing upward. For help, you could act out offering a helping hand or giving a leg-up boost over a fence. By pointing at a number of real or imaginary people you may elicit a response from them, and by this point, a partner may shout out, "God helps those who help themselves.' Success.
Like charades, interpersonal communication is a mutual, ongoing process of sending, receiving, and adapting verbal and nonverbal messages with another person to create and alter the images in both of our minds. Communication between us begins when there is some overlap between two images and is effective to the extent that overlap increases. But even if our mental pictures are congruent, communication will be partial as long as we interpret them differently. The idea that 'God helps those who help themselves' could strike one person as a hollow promise, while the other might regard it as a divine stamp of approval for hard work.
Dumb Charade goes beyond the simplistic analogy of bowling and Ping-Pong. It views interpersonal communications as a complex transaction in which overlapping messages simultaneously affect and are affected by the other person and multiple other factors.

Which of the following options is the CLOSEST to the necessary condition of communication?

Read the following passage carefully and answer the question given at the end of the passage.

The company will tackle this problem much more readily if reverse innovation is part of its repertoire. And yet, until recently, PepsiCo took a glocalisation approach. The company developed products for the US and then sold and distributed substantially, similar products throughout the world. As a result, PepsiCo's growth, particularly in emerging markets hit a wall. The company's brands bumped up against local needs, tastes, and habits that could not be satisfied by the lowest-common-denominator global products. Under the glocalisation scenario, what first appears to be promising momentum hits a wall - often sooner than later. The renown of even the most potent global brands wears thin when the offered product is neither designed expressly for local markets nor priced for local means. These days PepsiCo is finding ways to address sharp differences across borders by designing products with local tastes and consumer needs in mind, and is capturing a greater share of the opportunity in emerging economies. But that's not all. PepsiCo is finding that its innovation in emerging markets has the potential to have an impact and deliver performance with purpose all over the world. For example, PepsiCo is finding that some long-popular ingredients in emerging economies such as lentils in India have healthy profiles that suggest new dimensions for snacking across geographies. The company's approach to reverse innovation combines local product development efforts, strong support from global resources, plus efforts to ensure that the raw material of PepsiCo's innovations - ideas, flavours, ingredients, marketing expertise, packaging materials, manufacturing methods, and so on can flow in any direction within the organisation. Concerns about childhood and adult obesity are on the rise. It's not news that snack foods are not commonly associated with health and wellness. Nonetheless, PepsiCo saw that there was an enormous opportunity for impact in creating options for healthier snacking. 'Consumers interact with our products on three levels; the neurological level, the gut level, and the metabolic level.' Traditionally food and beverage companies have focused only on the first. The neurological level is where brands, marketing, and sensory payloads operate. Looking at the problems of emerging markets it is important to also understand what PepsiCo's products do to the person's gut? What do they do to their body chemistry? If those effects are ignored, then it is indulgence without any balance. As PepsiCo geared up for its efforts to develop Aliva, it wondered whether there were any examples in which PepsiCo had already practiced successful reverse innovation. There was one such example in India. It was a lentil and rice-based snack called Kurkure. Introduced more than a decade ago, it had grown to be Frito-Lay and India's top-selling product. PepsiCo had learned a lot from the Kurkure experience. Once emerging nations aspired to have access to rich-world products. But these days they want rich world quality baked into products with local origins. It exemplified the idea that innovations shouldn't simply be handed down from on high.

What is the learning for PepsiCo from the Indian experience?

Read the following passage and answer the question:

An effective way of describing what interpersonal communication is or is not is perhaps to capture the underlying beliefs using specific game analogies.
Communication as Bowling: The bowling model of message delivery is probably the most widely held view of communication. I think that's unfortunate. The model sees the bowler as the sender, who delivers the ball, which is the message. As it rolls down the lane (the channel), clutter on the boards (noise) may deflect the ball (the message). Yet if it is aimed well, the ball strikes the passive pins (the target audience) with a predictable effect. In the one-way model of communication, the speaker (bowler) must take care to select a precisely crafted message (ball) and practice diligently to deliver it the same way every time. Of course, that makes sense only if target listeners are interchangeable, static pins waiting to be bowled over by our words - which they aren't.
This has led some observers to propose an interactive model of interpersonal communication.
Communication as Ping-Pong: Unlike bowling, Ping-Pong is not a game. This fact alone makes a better analogy for interpersonal communication. One party puts the conversational ball in play, and the other gets into a position to receive. It takes more concentration and skill to receive than to serve because while the speaker (server) knows where the message is going, the listener (receiver) doesn't. Like a verbal or nonverbal message, the ball may appear straightforward yet have a deceptive spin.
Ping-Pong is a back-and-forth game; players switch roles continuously. One moment the person holding the paddle is an initiator, the next second the same player is a responder, gauging the effectiveness of his or her shot by the way the ball comes back. The repeated adjustment essential for good play closely parallels the feedback process described in a number of interpersonal communication theories.
Communication as Dumb Charades: The game of charades best captures the simultaneous and collaborative nature of interpersonal communication. A charade is neither an action, like bowling a strike, nor an interaction, like a rally in Ping-Pong, It's a transaction.
Charades is a mutual game, the actual play is cooperative. One member draws a title or slogan from a batch of possibilities and then tries to act it out visually for teammates in a silent mini-drama. The goal is to get at least one partner to say the exact words that are on the slip of paper. Of course, the actor is prohibited from talking out loud.
Suppose you drew the saying "God helps those who help themselves.' For God, you might try folding your hands and gazing upward. For help, you could act out offering a helping hand or giving a leg-up boost over a fence. By pointing at a number of real or imaginary people you may elicit a response of them, and by this point, a partner may shout out, "God helps those who help themselves.' Success.
Like charades, interpersonal communication is a mutual, ongoing process of sending, receiving and adapting verbal and nonverbal messages with another person to create and alter the images in both of our minds. Communication between us begins when there is some overlap between two images and is effective to the extent that overlap increases. But even if our mental pictures are congruent, communication will be partial as long as we interpret them differently. The idea that God helps those who help themselves' could strike one person as a hollow promise, while the other might regard it as a divine stamp of approval for hard work.
Dumb Charade goes beyond the simplistic analogy of bowling and Ping-Pong. It views interpersonal communications as a complex transaction in which overlapping messages simultaneously affect and are affected by the other person and multiple other factors.

Action, interaction, and transaction are closest to:

Read the following passage carefully and answer the question given at the end of the passage.

The company will tackle this problem much more readily if reverse innovation is part of its repertoire. And yet until recently, PepsiCo took a glocalisation approach. The company developed products for the US and then sold and distributed substantially similar products throughout the world. As a result, PepsiCo's growth particularly in emerging markets hit a wall. The company's brands bumped up against local needs, tastes, and habits that could not be satisfied by the lowest-common-denominator global products. Under the glocalisation scenario, what first appears to be promising momentum hits a wall - often sooner than later. The renown of even the most potent global brands wears thin when the offered product is neither designed expressly for local markets nor priced for local means. These days PepsiCo is finding ways to address sharp differences across borders by designing products with local tastes and consumer needs in mind and is capturing a greater share of the opportunity in emerging economies. But that's not all. PepsiCo is finding that its innovation in emerging markets have the potential to have an impact and deliver performance with purpose all over the world. For example, PepsiCo is finding that some long-popular ingredients in emerging economies such as lentils in India have healthy profiles that suggest new dimensions for snacking across geographies. The company's approach to reverse innovation combines local product development efforts, strong support from global resources, plus efforts to ensure that the raw material of PepsiCo's innovations - ideas, flavours, ingredients, marketing expertise, packaging materials, manufacturing methods, and so on can flow in any direction within the organisation. Concerns about childhood and adult obesity are on the rise. It's not news that snack foods are not commonly associated with health and wellness. Nonetheless, PepsiCo saw that there was an enormous opportunity for impact in creating options for healthier snacking. 'Consumers interact with our products on three levels; the neurological level, the gut level, and the metabolic level.' Traditionally food and beverage companies have focused only on the first. The neurological level is where brands, marketing, and sensory payloads operate. Looking at the problems of emerging markets it is important to also understand what PepsiCo's products do to the person's gut? What do they do to their body chemistry? If those effects are ignored, then it is indulgence without any balance. As PepsiCo geared up for its efforts to develop Aliva, it wondered whether there were any examples in which PepsiCo had already practised successful reverse innovation. There was one such example in India. It was a lentil and rice-based snack called Kurkure. Introduced more than a decade ago, it had grown to be Frito Lay is India's top-selling product. PepsiCo had learned a lot from the Kurkure experience. Once emerging nations aspired to have access to rich-world products. But these days they want rich world quality baked into products with local origins. It exemplified the idea that innovations shouldn't simply be handed down from on high.

According to the author, snack food companies traditionally focused on the:

Read the passage and answer the question below.

Elevation has always existed but has just moved out of the realm of philosophy and religion and been recognised as a distinct emotional state and a subject for psychological study. Psychology has long focused on what goes wrong, but in the past decade, there has been an explosion of interest in positive psychology - what makes us feel good and why? University of Virginia moral psychologist Jonathan Haidt, who coined the term elevation, writes, Powerful moments of elevation sometimes seem to push a mental “reset button," wiping out feelings of cynicism and replacing them with feelings of hope, love, and optimism, and a sense of moral inspiration.

Haidt quotes first-century Greek philosopher Longinus on great oratory: 'The effect of elevated language upon an audience is not persuasion but transport. Such feeling was once a part of our public discourse. After hearing Abraham Lincoln's second inaugural address, former slave Frederick Douglass said it was a sacred effort. But uplifting rhetoric came to sound anachronistic, except as practiced by the occasional master like Martin Luther King Jr.

It was while looking through the letters of Thomas Jefferson that Haidt first found a description of elevation. Jefferson wrote of the physical sensation that comes from witnessing goodness in others: It is to 'dilate [the] breast and elevate [the] sentiments ... and privately covenant to copy the fair example.' Haidt took this description as a mandate.

Elevation can so often give us chills or a tingling feeling in the chest. This noticeable, physiological response is important. In fact, this physical reaction is what can tell us most surely that we have been moved. This reaction and the prosocial inclinations it seems to inspire has been linked with a specific hormone, oxytocin, emitted from the vagus nerve which works with oxytocin, the hormone of connection. The nerve's activities can only be studied indirectly.

The elevation is part of a family of self-transcending emotions. Some others are awe, that sense of the vastness of the universe and smallness of self that is often invoked by nature; another is admiration, that goosebumps-making thrill that comes from seeing exceptional skill in action. While there is very little lab work on elevating emotions, there is quite a bit on its counterpart, disgust. It started as a survival strategy: Early humans needed to figure out when food was spoiled by contact with bacteria or parasites. From there disgust expanded to the social realm - people became repelled by the idea of contact with the defiled or by behaviours that seemed to belong to lower people. Disgust is probably the most powerful emotion that separates your group from other groups.' Haidt says disgust is the bottom floor of a vertical continuum of emotion; hit the up button, and you arrive at elevation. Another response to something extraordinary in another person can be envy, with all its downsides. Envy is unlikely, however, when the extraordinary aspect of another person is a moral virtue (such as acting in a just way, bravery and self-sacrifice, and caring for others.

Which of the options given below correctly identifies the function of elevation?

Read the passage and answer the question below.

Elevation has always existed but has just moved out of the realm of philosophy and religion and been recognised as a distinct emotional state and a subject for psychological study. Psychology has long focused on what goes wrong, but in the past decade, there has been an explosion of interest in positive psychology' - what makes us feel good and why. University of Virginia moral psychologist Jonathan Haidt, who coined the term elevation, writes, Powerful moments of elevation sometimes seem to push a mental “reset button," wiping out feelings of cynicism and replacing them with feelings of hope, love, and optimism, and a sense of moral inspiration.

Haidt quotes first-century Greek philosopher Longinus on great oratory: 'The effect of elevated language upon an audience is not persuasion but transport. Such feeling was once a part of our public discourse. After hearing Abraham Lincoln's second inaugural address, former slave Frederick Douglass said it was a 'sacred effort. But uplifting rhetoric came to sound anachronistic, except as practised by the occasional master like Martin Luther King Jr.

It was while looking through the letters of Thomas Jefferson that Haidt first found a description of elevation. Jefferson wrote of the physical sensation that comes from witnessing goodness in others: It is to 'dilate [the] breast and elevate [the] sentiments ... and privately covenant to copy the fair example.' Haidt took this description as a mandate.

Elevation can so often give us chills or a tingling feeling in the chest. This noticeable, physiological response is important. In fact, this physical reaction is what can tell us most surely that we have been moved. This reaction and the prosocial inclinations it seems to inspire have been linked with a specific hormone, oxytocin, emitted from the vagus nerve which works with oxytocin, the hormone of connection. The nerve's activities can only be studied indirectly.

The elevation is part of a family of self-transcending emotions. Some others are awe, that sense of the vastness of the universe and smallness of self that is often invoked by nature; another is admiration, that goosebumps-making thrill that comes from seeing exceptional skill in action. While there is very little lab work on elevating emotions, there is quite a bit on its counterpart, disgust. It started as a survival strategy: Early humans needed to figure out when food was spoiled by contact with bacteria or parasites. From there disgust expanded to the social realm - people became repelled by the idea of contact with the defiled or by behaviours that seemed to belong to lower people. Disgust is probably the most powerful emotion that separates your group from other groups.' Haidt says disgust is the bottom floor of a vertical continuum of emotion; hit the up button, and you arrive at elevation. Another response to something extraordinary in another person can be envy, with all its downsides. Envy is unlikely, however, when the extraordinary aspect of another person is a moral virtue (such as acting in a just way, bravery and self-sacrifice, and caring for others).

Which of the options will complete the statement given below meaningfully and appropriately, according to the passage?

Disgust is not a self-transcending emotion because it _____.

Direction: Analyze the following passage and provide appropriate answer to the question that follow.

The base of Objectivism according to Ayan Rand is explicit: 'Existence exists - and the act of grasping that statement implies two corollary axioms: that something exists which one perceives and that one exists possessing consciousness, consciousness being the faculty of perceiving that which exists.'
Existence and consciousness are facts implicit in every perception. They are the base of all knowledge and the precondition of proof: knowledge presupposes something to know and someone to know it. They are absolutes that cannot be questioned or escaped: every human utterance, including the denial of these axioms, implies their uses and acceptance.
The third axiom at the base of knowledge - an axiom true, in Aristotle's words 'of being qua being' - is the Law of Identity. This law defines the essence of existence: to be is to be something, a thing is what it is; and leads to the fundamental principle of all action, the law of causality. The law of causality states that a thing's actions are determined not by chance, but by its nature, i.e. by what it is.
It is important to observe the interrelation of these three axioms. Existence is the first axiom. The universe exists independent of consciousness. Man is able to adapt his background to his own requirements, but "Nature, to be commanded, must be obeyed' (Francis Bacon). There is no mental process that can change the laws of nature or erase facts. The function of consciousness is not to create reality, but to apprehend it, 'Existence is identity, Consciousness is Identification.'

The author would interpret Francis Bacon's 'Nature, to be commanded, must be obeyed' as:

Read the following passage carefully and answer the question given at the end of the passage.

The company will tackle this problem much more readily if reverse innovation is part of its repertoire. And yet until recently, PepsiCo took a glocalisation approach. The company developed products for the US and then sold and distributed substantially similar products throughout the world. As a result, PepsiCo's growth particularly in emerging markets hit a wall. The company's brands bumped up against local needs, tastes, and habits that could not be satisfied by the lowest-common-denominator global products. Under the glocalisation scenario, what first appears to be promising momentum hits a wall - often sooner than later. The renown of even the most potent global brands wears thin when the offered product is neither designed expressly for local markets nor priced for local means. These days PepsiCo is finding ways to address sharp differences across borders by designing products with local tastes and consumer needs in mind and is capturing a greater share of the opportunity in emerging economies. But that's not all. PepsiCo is finding that its innovation in emerging markets has the potential to have an impact and deliver performance with purpose all over the world. For example, PepsiCo is finding that some long-popular ingredients in emerging economies such as lentils in India have healthy profiles that suggest new dimensions for snacking across geographies. The company's approach to reverse innovation combines local product development efforts, strong support from global resources, plus efforts to ensure that the raw material of PepsiCo's innovations - ideas, flavours, ingredients, marketing expertise, packaging materials, manufacturing methods, and so on can flow in any direction within the organisation. Concerns about childhood and adult obesity are on the rise. It's not news that snack foods are not commonly associated with health and wellness. Nonetheless, PepsiCo saw that there was an enormous opportunity for impact in creating options for healthier snacking. 'Consumers interact with our products on three levels; the neurological level, the gut level, and the metabolic level.' Traditionally food and beverage companies have focused only on the first. The neurological level is where brands, marketing, and sensory payloads operate. Looking at the problems of emerging markets it is important to also understand what PepsiCo's products do to the person's gut? What do they do to their body chemistry? If those effects are ignored, then it is indulgence without any balance. As PepsiCo geared up for its efforts to develop Aliva, it wondered whether there were any examples in which PepsiCo had already practised successful reverse innovation. There was one such example in India. It was a lentil and rice-based snack called Kurkure. Introduced more than a decade ago, it had grown to be Frito Lay is India's top-selling product. PepsiCo had learned a lot from the Kurkure experience. Once emerging nations aspired to have access to rich-world products. But these days they want rich world quality baked into products with local origins. It exemplified the idea that innovations shouldn't simply be handed down from on high.

According to the above passage, most MNCs face problems in emerging countries because they interpret the concept of 'glocalisation' as:

Read the following passage and answer the question:

An effective way of describing what interpersonal communication is or is not is perhaps to capture the underlying beliefs using specific game analogies.
Communication as Bowling: The bowling model of message delivery is probably the most widely held view of communication. I think that's unfortunate. The model sees the bowler as the sender, who delivers the ball, which is the message. As it rolls down the lane (the channel), clutter on the boards (noise) may deflect the ball (the message). Yet if it is aimed well, the ball strikes the passive pins (the target audience) with a predictable effect. In the one-way model of communication, the speaker (bowler) must take care to select a precisely crafted message (ball) and practice diligently to deliver it the same way every time. Of course, that makes sense only if target listeners are interchangeable, static pins waiting to be bowled over by our words - which they aren't.
This has led some observers to propose an interactive model of interpersonal communication.
Communication as Ping-Pong: Unlike bowling, Ping-Pong is not a game. This fact alone makes a better analogy for interpersonal communication. One party puts the conversational ball in the game, and the other gets into a position to receive. It takes more concentration and skill to receive than to serve because while the speaker (server) knows where the message is going, the listener (receiver) doesn't. Like a verbal or nonverbal message, the ball may appear straightforward yet have a deceptive spin.
Ping-Pong is a back-and-forth game; players switch roles continuously. One moment the person holding the paddle is an initiator, the next second the same player is a responder, gauging the effectiveness of his or her shot by the way the ball comes back. The repeated adjustment essential for good play closely parallels the feedback process described in a number of interpersonal communication theories.
Communication as Dumb Charades: The game of charades best captures the simultaneous and collaborative nature of interpersonal communication. A charade is neither an action, like bowling a strike, nor an interaction, like a rally in Ping-Pong, It's a transaction.
Charades is a mutual game, the actual play is cooperative. One member draws a title or slogan from a batch of possibilities and then tries to act it out visually for teammates in a silent mini-drama. The goal is to get at least one partner to say the exact words that are on the slip of paper. Of course, the actor is prohibited from talking out loud.
Suppose you drew the saying "God helps those who help themselves. 'For God, you might try folding your hands and gazing upward. For help, you could act out offering a helping hand or giving a leg-up boost over a fence. By pointing at a number of real or imaginary people you may elicit a response of them, and by this point, a partner may shout out, "God helps those who help themselves.' Success.
Like charades, interpersonal communication is a mutual, ongoing process of sending, receiving and adapting verbal and nonverbal messages with another person to create and alter the images in both of our minds. Communication between us begins when there is some overlap between two images and is effective to the extent that overlap increases. But even if our mental pictures are congruent, communication will be partial as long as we interpret them differently. The idea that God helps those who help themselves' could strike one person as a hollow promise, while the other might regard it as a divine stamp of approval for hard work.
Dumb Charade goes beyond the simplistic analogy of bowling and Ping-Pong. It views interpersonal communications as a complex transaction in which overlapping messages simultaneously affect and are affected by the other person and multiple other factors.

Which of the following words has a meaning CLOSEST to the word 'interchangeable' from the 'Communication as Bowling' paragraph?

Directions: Analyse the following passage and provide appropriate answers to the questions that follow:

The base of Objectivism according to Ayan Rand is explicit: 'Existence exists - and the act of grasping that statement implies two corollary axioms: that something exists which one perceives and that one exists possessing consciousness, consciousness being the faculty of perceiving that which exists.'
Existence and consciousness are facts implicit in every perception. They are the base of all knowledge and the precondition of proof): knowledge presupposes something to know and someone to know it. They are absolutes that cannot be questioned or escaped: every human utterance, including the denial of these axioms, implies their use and acceptance.
The third axiom at the base of knowledge - an axiom true, in Aristotle's words 'of being qua being' - is the Law of Identity. This law defines the essence of existence: to be is to be something, a thing is what it is; and leads to the fundamental principle of all action, the law of causality. The law of causality states that a thing's actions are determined not by chance, but by its nature, i.e. by what it is.
It is important to observe the interrelation of these three axioms. Existence is the first axiom. The universe exists independent of consciousness. Man can adapt his background to his requirements, but "Nature, to be commanded, must be obeyed' (Francis Bacon). There is no mental process that can change the laws of nature or erase facts. The function of consciousness is not to create reality, but to apprehend it, 'Existence is identity, Consciousness is Identification.'
Which of the following can be best captured as 'Identity' and 'Identification'?

Read the passage and answer the question below.

Elevation has always existed but has just moved out of the realm of philosophy and religion and been recognised as a distinct emotional state and a subject for psychological study. Psychology has long focused on what goes wrong, but in the past decade, there has been an explosion of interest in positive psychology' - what makes us feel good and why. University of Virginia moral psychologist Jonathan Haidt, who coined the term elevation, writes, Powerful moments of elevation sometimes seem to push a mental “reset button," wiping out feelings of cynicism and replacing them with feelings of hope, love, and optimism, and a sense of moral inspiration.

Haidt quotes first-century Greek philosopher Longinus on great oratory: 'The effect of elevated language upon an audience is not persuasion but transport. Such feeling was once a part of our public discourse. After hearing Abraham Lincoln's second inaugural address, former slave Frederick Douglass said it was a 'sacred effort. But uplifting rhetoric came to sound anachronistic, except as practiced by the occasional master like Martin Luther King Jr.

It was while looking through the letters of Thomas Jefferson that Haidt first found a description of elevation. Jefferson wrote of the physical sensation that comes from witnessing goodness in others: It is to 'dilate [the] breast and elevate [the] sentiments ... and privately covenant to copy the fair example.' Haidt took this description as a mandate.

Elevation can so often give us chills or a tingling feeling in the chest. This noticeable, physiological response is important. In fact, this physical reaction is what can tell us most surely that we have been moved. This reaction and the prosocial inclinations it seems to inspire has been linked with a specific hormone, oxytocin, emitted from the vagus nerve which works with oxytocin, the hormone of connection. The nerve's activities can only be studied indirectly.

The elevation is part of a family of self-transcending emotions. Some others are awe, that sense of the vastness of the universe and smallness of self that is often invoked by nature; another is admiration, that goosebumps-making thrill that comes from seeing exceptional skill in action. While there is very little lab work on the elevating emotions, there is quite a bit on its counterpart, disgust. It started as a survival strategy: Early humans needed to figure out when food was spoiled by contact with bacteria or parasites. From there disgust expanded to the social realm - people became repelled by the idea of contact with the defiled or by behaviours that seemed to belong to lower people. Disgust is probably the most powerful emotion that separates your group from other groups.' Haidt says disgust is the bottom floor of a vertical continuum of emotion; hit the up button, and you arrive at elevation. Another response to something extraordinary in another person can be envy, with all its downsides. Envy is unlikely, however, when the extraordinary aspect of another person is a moral virtue (such as acting in a just way, bravery and self-sacrifice, and caring for others).

Which of the options given below is false according to the passage?

Directions: Analyze the following passage and provide appropriate answers to the questions that follow:

The base of Objectivism according to Ayan Rand is explicit: 'Existence exists - and the act of grasping that statement implies two corollary axioms: that something exists which one perceives and that one exists possessing consciousness, consciousness being the faculty of perceiving that which exists.'
Existence and consciousness are facts implicit in every perception. They are the base of all knowledge and the precondition of proof) knowledge presupposes something to know and someone to know it. They are absolutes that cannot be questioned or escaped: every human utterance, including the denial of these axioms, implies their use and acceptance.
The third axiom at the base of knowledge - an axiom true, in Aristotle's words 'of being qua being' - is the Law of Identity. This law defines the essence of existence: to be is to be something, a thing is what it is; and leads to the fundamental principle of all action, the law of causality. The law of causality states that a thing's actions are determined not by chance, but by its nature, i.e. by what it is.
It is important to observe the interrelation of these three axioms. Existence is the first axiom. The universe exists independent of consciousness. Man is able to adapt his background to his own requirements, but "Nature, to be commanded, must be obeyed' (Francis Bacon). There is no mental process that can change the laws of nature or erase facts. The function of consciousness is not to create reality, but to apprehend it, 'Existence is identity, Consciousness is Identification.'
Which of the following is DEFINITELY CORRECT according to the passage:

Read the passage and answer the question below.

Every conscious mental state has a qualitative character that we refer to as mood. We are always in a mood that is pleasurable or unpleasurable to some degree. It maybe that bad moods relate to their being too positive reinforcement in a person's current life and too many punishments. In any case, moods are distinguished from emotions proper by not being tied to any specific object.But, this distinction is not watertight, in that emotions need not be directed at objects that are completely specific(we can be angry just at people generally) while there is always a sense of a mood having a general objective like the state of the world at large. Moods manifest themselves in positive or negative feelings that are tied to health, personality or perceived quality of life. Moods can also relate to emotions proper, as in the aftermath of an emotional incident such as the failure to secure a loan.A mood on this basis is the mind's judgement on the recent past. For Goldie, emotion can bubble up and down within a mood, while an emotion can involve characteristics that are non-object specific. What is important for marketing is that moods colour outlook and bias judgements. Hence the importance of consumer confidence surveys, as consumer confidence typically reflects national mood. There is mood congruence when thoughts and actions fall in line with mood. As Goleman says, there is a 'constant stream of feeling that runs in perfect to our steam of thought”, Mood congruence occurs because a positive mood evokes pleasant associations that lighten subsequent appraisals (thoughts) and actions, while a negative ar ouses pessimistic associations that influence future judgement and behaviour. When consumers are in a good mood, they are more optimistic about buying more confident in buying, and much more willing to tolerate things like waiting in line. On the other hand, being in a mood makes buying behaviour in the 'right mood' by the use of music and friendly staff or, say, opens bakeries in shopping malls that delight the passer-by with the smell of fresh bread. Thayer views moods as a mixture of biological and psychological influences and, as such, a sort of clinical thermometer, reflecting all the internal and external events that influence us. For Thayer, the key components of mood are energy and tension in different combinations. A specific mixture of energy and tension, together with the thoughts they influence, produces moods. He discusses four mood states: • Calm-energy: he regards this as the optimal mood of feeling good. • Calm-tiredness: he regards this as feeling a little tired without any stress, which can be pleasant. • Tense-energy: involves a low level of anxiety suited to a fight-or-flight disposition. Tense-tiredness: is a mixture of fatigue and anxiety, which underlies the unpleasant feeling of depression. People generally can feel down' or 'feel good as a result of happenings in the world around them. This represents the national mood. People feel elated when the national soccer team wins an international match or depressed when their team has lost. An elated mood of calm-energy is an optimistic mood, which is good for business. Consumers, as socially involved individuals, are deeply influenced by the prevailing social climate. Marketers recognise the phenomenon and talk about the national mood being, say for or against conspicuous consumption. Moods do change, though. Writing early in the nineteenth century, Toqueville describes an American elite embarrassed by the ostentation of material display; in the 'Gilded Age', 60 years later, many were only too eager to embrace a materialistic vulgarity. The problem lies in anticipating changes in national mood, since a change in mood affects everything from buying of equities to the buying of houses and washing machines. Thayer would argue that we should be interested in national events that are likely to produce a move towards a tense-tiredness state or towards a calm-energy state, since these are the polar extremes and are more likely to influence behaviour. Artists sensitive to national moods express the long-term changes. An example is the long-term emotional journey from Charles Dickens's depiction of the death of little Nell to Oscar Wilde's cruel flippancy about it. 'One would have to have a heart of stone not to laugh at the death of little Nell', which reflects the mood change from high Victorian sentimentality to the acerbic cynicism of the end of the century, as shown in writers like Thomas Hardy and artists like Aubrey Beardsley, Whenever the mind is not fully absorbed, consciousness is no longer focused and ordered. Under such conditions the mind falls into dwelling on the unpleasant, with a negative mood developing. Csikszentmihalyi argues that humans need to keep consciousness fully active is what influences a good deal of consumer behaviour. Sometimes it does not matter what we are shopping for the point is to shop for anything, regardless, as consuming is one way to respond to the void in consciousness when there is nothing else to do.

Which statements from the ones given below are correct?

Read the passage and answer the question below.

Every conscious mental state has a qualitative character that we refer to as mood. We are always in a mood that is pleasurable or unpleasurable to some degree. It maybe that bad moods relate to their being too positive reinforcement in a person's current life and too many punishments. In any case, moods are distinguished from emotions proper by not being tied to any specific object.But, this distinction is not watertight, in that emotions need not be directed at objects that are completely specific(we can be angry just at people generally) while there is always a sense of a mood having a general objective like the state of the world at large. Moods manifest themselves in positive or negative feelings that are tied to health, personality or perceived quality of life. Moods can also relate to emotions proper, as in the aftermath of an emotional incident such as the failure to secure a loan.A mood on this basis is the mind's judgement on the recent past. For Goldie, emotion can bubble up and down within a mood, while an emotion can involve characteristics that are non-object specific. What is important for marketing is that moods colour outlook and bias judgements. Hence the importance of consumer confidence surveys, as consumer confidence typically reflects national mood. There is mood congruence when thoughts and actions fall in line with mood. As Goleman says, there is a 'constant stream of feeling that runs in perfect to our steam of thought”, Mood congruence occurs because a positive mood evokes pleasant associations that lighten subsequent appraisals (thoughts) and actions, while a negative ar ouses pessimistic associations that influence future judgement and behaviour. When consumers are in a good mood, they are more optimistic about buying more confident in buying, and much more willing to tolerate things like waiting in line. On the other hand, being in a mood makes buying behaviour in the 'right mood' by the use of music and friendly staff or, say, opens bakeries in shopping malls that delight the passer-by with the smell of fresh bread. Thayer views moods as a mixture of biological and psychological influences and, as such, a sort of clinical thermometer, reflecting all the internal and external events that influence us. For Thayer, the key components of mood are energy and tension in different combinations. A specific mixture of energy and tension, together with the thoughts they influence, produces moods. He discusses four mood states: • Calm-energy: he regards this as the optimal mood of feeling good. • Calm-tiredness: he regards this as feeling a little tired without any stress, which can be pleasant. • Tense-energy: involves a low level of anxiety suited to a fight-or-flight disposition. Tense-tiredness: is a mixture of fatigue and anxiety, which underlies the unpleasant feeling of depression. People generally can feel down' or 'feel good as a result of happenings in the world around them. This represents the national mood. People feel elated when the national soccer team wins an international match or depressed when their team has lost. An elated mood of calm-energy is an optimistic mood, which is good for business. Consumers, as socially involved individuals, are deeply influenced by the prevailing social climate. Marketers recognise the phenomenon and talk about the national mood being, say for or against conspicuous consumption. Moods do change, though. Writing early in the nineteenth century, Toqueville describes an American elite embarrassed by the ostentation of material display; in the 'Gilded Age', 60 years later, many were only too eager to embrace a materialistic vulgarity. The problem lies in anticipating changes in national mood, since a change in mood affects everything from buying of equities to the buying of houses and washing machines. Thayer would argue that we should be interested in national events that are likely to produce a move towards a tense-tiredness state or towards a calm-energy state, since these are the polar extremes and are more likely to influence behaviour. Artists sensitive to national moods express the long-term changes. An example is the long-term emotional journey from Charles Dickens's depiction of the death of little Nell to Oscar Wilde's cruel flippancy about it. 'One would have to have a heart of stone not to laugh at the death of little Nell', which reflects the mood change from high Victorian sentimentality to the acerbic cynicism of the end of the century, as shown in writers like Thomas Hardy and artists like Aubrey Beardsley, Whenever the mind is not fully absorbed, consciousness is no longer focused and ordered. Under such conditions the mind falls into dwelling on the unpleasant, with a negative mood developing. Csikszentmihalyi argues that humans need to keep consciousness fully active is what influences a good deal of consumer behaviour. Sometimes it does not matter what we are shopping for the point is to shop for anything, regardless, as consuming is one way to respond to the void in consciousness when there is nothing else to do.

What is moods congruence?

Read the passage and answer the question below.

Every conscious mental state has a qualitative character that we refer to as mood. We are always in a mood that is pleasurable or unpleasurable to some degree. It maybe that bad moods relate to their being too positive reinforcement in a person's current life and too many punishments. In any case, moods are distinguished from emotions proper by not being tied to any specific object.But, this distinction is not watertight, in that emotions need not be directed at objects that are completely specific(we can be angry just at people generally) while there is always a sense of a mood having a general objective like the state of the world at large. Moods manifest themselves in positive or negative feelings that are tied to health, personality or perceived quality of life. Moods can also relate to emotions proper, as in the aftermath of an emotional incident such as the failure to secure a loan.A mood on this basis is the mind's judgement on the recent past. For Goldie, emotion can bubble up and down within a mood, while an emotion can involve characteristics that are non-object specific. What is important for marketing is that moods colour outlook and bias judgements. Hence the importance of consumer confidence surveys, as consumer confidence typically reflects national mood. There is mood congruence when thoughts and actions fall in line with mood. As Goleman says, there is a 'constant stream of feeling that runs in perfect to our steam of thought”, Mood congruence occurs because a positive mood evokes pleasant associations that lighten subsequent appraisals (thoughts) and actions, while a negative ar ouses pessimistic associations that influence future judgement and behaviour. When consumers are in a good mood, they are more optimistic about buying more confident in buying, and much more willing to tolerate things like waiting in line. On the other hand, being in a mood makes buying behaviour in the 'right mood' by the use of music and friendly staff or, say, opens bakeries in shopping malls that delight the passer-by with the smell of fresh bread. Thayer views moods as a mixture of biological and psychological influences and, as such, a sort of clinical thermometer, reflecting all the internal and external events that influence us. For Thayer, the key components of mood are energy and tension in different combinations. A specific mixture of energy and tension, together with the thoughts they influence, produces moods. He discusses four mood states: • Calm-energy: he regards this as the optimal mood of feeling good. • Calm-tiredness: he regards this as feeling a little tired without any stress, which can be pleasant. • Tense-energy: involves a low level of anxiety suited to a fight-or-flight disposition. Tense-tiredness: is a mixture of fatigue and anxiety, which underlies the unpleasant feeling of depression. People generally can feel down' or 'feel good as a result of happenings in the world around them. This represents the national mood. People feel elated when the national soccer team wins an international match or depressed when their team has lost. An elated mood of calm-energy is an optimistic mood, which is good for business. Consumers, as socially involved individuals, are deeply influenced by the prevailing social climate. Marketers recognise the phenomenon and talk about the national mood being, say for or against conspicuous consumption. Moods do change, though. Writing early in the nineteenth century, Toqueville describes an American elite embarrassed by the ostentation of material display; in the 'Gilded Age', 60 years later, many were only too eager to embrace a materialistic vulgarity. The problem lies in anticipating changes in national mood, since a change in mood affects everything from buying of equities to the buying of houses and washing machines. Thayer would argue that we should be interested in national events that are likely to produce a move towards a tense-tiredness state or towards a calm-energy state, since these are the polar extremes and are more likely to influence behaviour. Artists sensitive to national moods express the long-term changes. An example is the long-term emotional journey from Charles Dickens's depiction of the death of little Nell to Oscar Wilde's cruel flippancy about it. 'One would have to have a heart of stone not to laugh at the death of little Nell', which reflects the mood change from high Victorian sentimentality to the acerbic cynicism of the end of the century, as shown in writers like Thomas Hardy and artists like Aubrey Beardsley, Whenever the mind is not fully absorbed, consciousness is no longer focused and ordered. Under such conditions the mind falls into dwelling on the unpleasant, with a negative mood developing. Csikszentmihalyi argues that humans need to keep consciousness fully active is what influences a good deal of consumer behaviour. Sometimes it does not matter what we are shopping for the point is to shop for anything, regardless, as consuming is one way to respond to the void in consciousness when there is nothing else to do.

Which of the following is the closest to conspicuous consumption in the passage?

Read the passage below and answer the question.

''The emancipation of women,'' James Joyce told one of his friends, ''has caused the greatest revolution in our time in the most important relationship there is - that between men and women.'' Other modernists agreed: Virginia Woolf, claiming that in about 1910 ''human character changed,'' and, illustrating the new balance between the sexes, urged, ''Read the 'Agamemnon,' and see whether ... your sympathies are not almost entirely with Clytemnestra.'' D. H. Lawrence wrote, ''perhaps the deepest fight for 2000 years and more, has been the fight for woman's independence.''
But if modernist writers considered women's revolt against men's domination one of their ''greatest'' and ''deepest'' themes, only recently - in perhaps the past 15 years - has literary criticism begun to catch up with it. Not that the images of sexual antagonism that abound in modern literature have gone unremarked; far from it. But what we are able to see in literary works depends on the perspectives we bring to them, and now that women - enough to make a difference -are reforming canons and interpreting literature, the landscapes of literary history, and the features of individual books have begun to change.

Which of the following titles best describes the contents of the passage?

Read the passage and answer the question below.

Every conscious mental state has a qualitative character that we refer to as mood. We are always in a mood that is pleasurable or unpleasurable to some degree. It maybe that bad moods relate to their being too positive reinforcement in a person's current life and too many punishments. In any case, moods are distinguished from emotions proper by not being tied to any specific object.But, this distinction is not watertight, in that emotions need not be directed at objects that are completely specific(we can be angry just at people generally) while there is always a sense of a mood having a general objective like the state of the world at large. Moods manifest themselves in positive or negative feelings that are tied to health, personality or perceived quality of life. Moods can also relate to emotions proper, as in the aftermath of an emotional incident such as the failure to secure a loan.A mood on this basis is the mind's judgement on the recent past. For Goldie, emotion can bubble up and down within a mood, while an emotion can involve characteristics that are non-object specific. What is important for marketing is that moods colour outlook and bias judgements. Hence the importance of consumer confidence surveys, as consumer confidence typically reflects national mood. There is mood congruence when thoughts and actions fall in line with mood. As Goleman says, there is a 'constant stream of feeling that runs in perfect to our steam of thought”, Mood congruence occurs because a positive mood evokes pleasant associations that lighten subsequent appraisals (thoughts) and actions, while a negative ar ouses pessimistic associations that influence future judgement and behaviour. When consumers are in a good mood, they are more optimistic about buying more confident in buying, and much more willing to tolerate things like waiting in line. On the other hand, being in a mood makes buying behaviour in the 'right mood' by the use of music and friendly staff or, say, opens bakeries in shopping malls that delight the passer-by with the smell of fresh bread. Thayer views moods as a mixture of biological and psychological influences and, as such, a sort of clinical thermometer, reflecting all the internal and external events that influence us. For Thayer, the key components of mood are energy and tension in different combinations. A specific mixture of energy and tension, together with the thoughts they influence, produces moods. He discusses four mood states: • Calm-energy: he regards this as the optimal mood of feeling good. • Calm-tiredness: he regards this as feeling a little tired without any stress, which can be pleasant. • Tense-energy: involves a low level of anxiety suited to a fight-or-flight disposition. Tense-tiredness: is a mixture of fatigue and anxiety, which underlies the unpleasant feeling of depression. People generally can feel down' or 'feel good as a result of happenings in the world around them. This represents the national mood. People feel elated when the national soccer team wins an international match or depressed when their team has lost. An elated mood of calm-energy is an optimistic mood, which is good for business. Consumers, as socially involved individuals, are deeply influenced by the prevailing social climate. Marketers recognise the phenomenon and talk about the national mood being, say for or against conspicuous consumption. Moods do change, though. Writing early in the nineteenth century, Toqueville describes an American elite embarrassed by the ostentation of material display; in the 'Gilded Age', 60 years later, many were only too eager to embrace a materialistic vulgarity. The problem lies in anticipating changes in national mood, since a change in mood affects everything from buying of equities to the buying of houses and washing machines. Thayer would argue that we should be interested in national events that are likely to produce a move towards a tense-tiredness state or towards a calm-energy state, since these are the polar extremes and are more likely to influence behaviour. Artists sensitive to national moods express the long-term changes. An example is the long-term emotional journey from Charles Dickens's depiction of the death of little Nell to Oscar Wilde's cruel flippancy about it. 'One would have to have a heart of stone not to laugh at the death of little Nell', which reflects the mood change from high Victorian sentimentality to the acerbic cynicism of the end of the century, as shown in writers like Thomas Hardy and artists like Aubrey Beardsley, Whenever the mind is not fully absorbed, consciousness is no longer focused and ordered. Under such conditions the mind falls into dwelling on the unpleasant, with a negative mood developing. Csikszentmihalyi argues that humans need to keep consciousness fully active is what influences a good deal of consumer behaviour. Sometimes it does not matter what we are shopping for the point is to shop for anything, regardless, as consuming is one way to respond to the void in consciousness when there is nothing else to do.

Which one of the following statements best summarises the above passage?

Read the passage below and answer the question.

''The emancipation of women,'' James Joyce told one of his friends, ''has caused the greatest revolution in our time in the most important relationship there is - that between men and women.'' Other modernists agreed: Virginia Woolf, claiming that in about 1910 ''human character changed,'' and, illustrating the new balance between the sexes, urged, ''Read the 'Agamemnon,' and see whether ... your sympathies are not almost entirely with Clytemnestra.'' D. H. Lawrence wrote, ''perhaps the deepest fight for 2000 years and more, has been the fight for woman's independence.''
But if modernist writers considered women's revolt against men's domination one of their ''greatest'' and ''deepest'' themes, only recently - in perhaps the past 15 years - has literary criticism begun to catch up with it. Not that the images of sexual antagonism that abound in modern literature have gone unremarked; far from it. But what we are able to see in literary works depends on the perspectives we bring to them, and now that women - enough to make a difference -are reforming canons and interpreting literature, the landscapes of literary history, and the features of individual books have begun to change.

The author's attitude towards women's reformation of literary canons can best be described as one of _____.

An appropriate title to this passage would be:

Read the passage below and answer the question.

''The emancipation of women,'' James Joyce told one of his friends, ''has caused the greatest revolution in our time in the most important relationship there is - that between men and women.'' Other modernists agreed: Virginia Woolf, claiming that in about 1910 ''human character changed,'' and, illustrating the new balance between the sexes, urged, ''Read the 'Agamemnon,' and see whether ... your sympathies are not almost entirely with Clytemnestra.'' D. H. Lawrence wrote, ''perhaps the deepest fight for 2000 years and more, has been the fight for woman's independence.''
But if modernist writers considered women's revolt against men's domination one of their ''greatest'' and ''deepest'' themes, only recently - in perhaps the past 15 years - has literary criticism begun to catch up with it. Not that the images of sexual antagonism that abound in modern literature have gone unremarked; far from it. But what we are able to see in literary works depends on the perspectives we bring to them, and now that women - enough to make a difference -are reforming canons and interpreting literature, the landscapes of literary history, and the features of individual books have begun to change.

The author quotes James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, and D.H Lawrence primarily in order to show that _____.