Physical Geography

This chapter explores the Universe and the Solar System. We learn about the Earth's shape through various evidence of its sphericity. It also explains the Earth's movement, the revolution, and seasonal changes and their effects on temperature.

This chapter focuses on the structure of the Earth. The classification of rocks as igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks is explained. We learn about the influence of rock types on the landscape and the types of Mountains, plateaus, and plains.

In this chapter, we focus on the landforms associated with volcanic activities. It discusses the types of volcanoes, some volcanic eruptions, and the origin of volcanoes. We also study the distribution of volcanoes and earthquakes in the World.

This chapter talks about weathering, mass movement, and groundwater. We learn about chemical weathering and physical or mechanical weathering. It also explains water-table and mass movement involving soil creep, soil flow, and landslides.

This chapter deals with the development of a river system. The mechanism of humid erosion, the processes of river action, river erosion and transportation are discussed. We also learn about the course on the river and river rejuvenation.

The chapter focuses on the ice age and types of ice masses. It discusses the landforms of highland glaciation, such as corrie, cirque or cwm, and bergschrund. We also study landforms of glaciated lowlands and the human aspects of glaciated landforms.

This chapter emphasises arid or desert landforms. It discusses mountain deserts, hamada or rocky, etc. We learn about the mechanism of arid erosion, landforms of wind erosion, deposition in deserts, and landforms due to water action in the desert.

In this chapter, we learn about limestone and chalk. It discusses the characteristic features of a Karst region. We also study the major limestone regions of the world, human activities in Karst regions, and chalk.

This chapter provides general information about lakes. We learn about the formation and origin of lakes, like formation by Earth movement, glaciation, volcanic activity, etc. It also talks about lakes formed by human and biological activities.

This chapter describes the action of waves, tides, and currents. We learn about the mechanism of marine erosion, coastal features of erosion, and coastal features of deposition. It also discusses the types of coasts and coastlines of emergence.

This chapter talks about islands and coral reefs. It discusses oceanic islands and continental islands, such as individual islands and archipelagoes or Island groups. We also learn about coral reefs, their types, and their probable origin.

This chapter explores the oceans. We learn about the relief of the ocean, oceanic deposits of the ocean floor, and the salinity of the ocean. It also discusses the temperature of ocean water and the movements and circulation of ocean currents.