Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

This topic explains photons in relation to the light. It briefs on Planck's photon hypothesis, and Planck’s constant, energy and momentum of the photon. Furthermore, some examples based on photon theory of light are also included here.

This topic discusses the photoelectric effect, laws of photoelectric emission, and Einstein's explanation for this effect. It also briefs on the photoelectric equation and Hertz's and Lenard's observations based on the photoelectric effect.

The topic discusses the wave nature of particles. It covers the de-Broglie wavelength of matter waves, de-Broglie wavelength of electrons and the experimental demonstration of de-Broglie matter waves.

This topic explains the experiment performed by Davisson and Germer to verify the wave nature of electron by observing the diffraction effect with beams of electrons scattered by crystals.

In this topic, we will learn the working of the X-ray tube with the aid of a figure, along with continuous and characteristic X-rays. It also includes Moseley's law based on the study of spectra of the characteristic X-ray.