Optics

This topic covers concepts such as wave optics, light as electromagnetic wave, speed of light, dual nature of electromagnetic waves, and photon.

This topic covers concepts such as reflection of light, laws of reflection of light, second law of reflection, sign convention in mirrors, and co-ordinate convention.

This topic covers concepts such as nature of image in plane mirror, position of image in plane mirror, reflection from curved mirror, spherical mirror, and center of curvature in mirrors.

This topic covers concepts such as absolute refractive index, relative refractive index, and shift of image due to refraction.

This topic covers concepts such as total internal reflection, critical angle, and partial reflection.

This topic covers concepts such as lens surface nomenclature, two foci of lens, centers of curvature of a lens, principal axis of lens, and lens maker's formula.

This topic covers concepts such as refraction from single slab, prism, deviation by prism, condition for minimum deviation in prism, and condition of no emergence in prism.

This topic covers concepts such as total internal reflection in mirage, reason for observing rainbow only for definite angle range, size of water drops convenient for rainbow, and reason that the rainbow is a bow or an arch.

This topic covers concepts such as chromatic aberration, reducing/eliminating chromatic aberration, and methods to reduce/eliminate spherical aberration.

This topic covers concepts such as optical instruments, simple microscope, eyepiece of microscope, objective of microscope, and ray diagrams for microscope.