12th Sikkim Board Topics

Chapter No. 

Chapters

Topics

1

Relations and Functions

• Types of Relations
• Types of Functions
• Composition of Functions
• Invertible Functions
• Binary Operations

2

Matrices

• Basics of Matrices
• Types of Matrices
• Operation on Matrices
• Symmetric and Skew-symmetric Matrices
• Inverse Matrix

3

Determinants

• Determinants
• Properties of Determinants
• Area of a Triangle
• Minor and Cofactors
• Adjoint and Inverse of a Matrix

4

Linear Programming

• Mathematical Formulation of a Linear Programming Problem
• Different Types of Linear Programming Problems

5

Probability

• Conditional Probability and Multiplication Theorem
• Independent Events
• Bayes Theorem
• Random Variables and its Probability Distributions
• Bernoulli Trials and Binomial Distribution

6

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

• Basic Concepts in Inverse Trigonometric Functions
• Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

7

Continuity and Differentiability

• Continuity
• Differentiability
• Derivatives of Composite and Implicit Functions
• Logarithmic Differentiation
• Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

8

Application of Derivatives

• Rate of Change of Quantities
• Increasing and Decreasing Function
• Tangents and Normals
• Approximation
• Maxima and Minima

9

Integrals

• Integration as an Inverse Process of Differentiation
• Methods of Integration
• Integration by Partial Fractions
• Integration by Parts
• Definite Integration

10

Application of Integrals

• Area Under Simple Curves
• Area between Two Curves

11

Differential Equations

• Basics of Differential Equation
• General and Particular Solutions of a Differential Equation
• Formation of Differential Equation
• Methods of Solving First Order, First Degree Differential Equation
• Applications of Differential Equations

12

Vector Algebra

• Basics of Vectors
• Addition of Vectors
• Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar
• Product of Vectors

13

Three Dimensional Geometry

• Direction Cosines and Direction Ratios of a Line
• Equation of a Line in Space
• Angle between Two Lines
• Shortest Distance between Two Lines
• Plane

Chapter No. 

Chapters

Topics

1

Electric Charges and Fields

• Electric Charge
• Conductors, Insulators and Semiconductors
• Different Methods of Charging
• Basic Properties of Electric Charge
• Coulomb’s Laws

2

Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

• Electric Potential
• Potential Due to a Point Charge
• Potential Due to an Electric Dipole
• Potential due to System of Charges
• Equipotential Surfaces

3

Current Electricity

• Electric Current
• Electric Currents in Conductors
• Ohm’s Law
• Drift of Electrons and the Origin of Resistivity
• Limitations of Ohm’s Laws

4

Moving Charges and Magnetism

• Magnetic Force
• Motion in a Magnetic Field
• Motion in Combined Electric and Magnetic Fields
• Cyclotron
• Magnetic Field Due to a Current Element, Biot-Savart Law

          5

Magnetism and Matter

• The Bar Magnet
• Magnetism and Gauss’s Law
• The Earth’s Magnetism
• Magnetization and Magnetic Intensity
• Magnetic Properties of Materials

6

Electromagnetic Induction

• Experiments of Faraday and Henry
• Magnetic Flux
• Faraday’s Laws of Induction
• Lenz’s Laws and Conservation of Energy
• Motional Electromotive Force

7

Alternating Current

• AC Voltage Applied to a Resistor
• Representation of AC Current and Voltage by Rotating Vectors-phasors
• AC Voltage Applied to an Inductor
• AC Voltage Applied to a Capacitor
• AC Voltage Applied to a Series LCR Circuit

8

Electromagnetic Waves

• Displacement Current
• Maxwell’s Equations
• Sources of Electromagnetic Waves
• Nature of Electromagnetic Waves
• Electromagnetic Spectrum

9

Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

• Electron Emission
• Photoelectric Effect
• Einstein’s Equation of Photoelectric Effect
• Photoelectric Effect and Wave Theory of Light
• Particle Nature of Light: the Photon

10

Atoms

• Early Atomic Models
• Alpha-particle Scattering and Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom
• Atomic Spectra
• Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom

11

Nuclei

• Atomic Mass and Composition of Nucleus
• Size of the Nucleus
• Mass-energy and Nuclear Binding Energy
• Nuclear Force
• Radioactivity

12

Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits

• Comparison of Vacuum Tubes and Semiconductors
• Energy Band Theory and Electrical Properties of Matter
• Semiconductor Material
• Extrinsic Semiconductor
• p-n Junction and Semiconductor Diode

13

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

• Basic Terms in Ray Optics
• Reflection at Plane and Spherical Surfaces
• Refraction at Plane Surfaces
• Total Internal Reflection and Critical Angle
• Refraction at Spherical Surfaces and by Lenses

14

Wave Optics

• Huygen’s Principle
• Doppler Effect in Light
• Coherent and Incoherent Addition of Waves
• Interference of Light Waves and Young’s Experiment
• Diffraction of Light

Chapter No. 

Chapters

Topics

1

The Solid State

• General Characteristics of Solid State
• Amorphous and Crystalline Solids
• Classification of Crystalline Solids
• Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells
• Number of Atoms in a Unit Cell

2

Solutions

• Types of Solutions
• Methods of Expressing Concentration of Solutions
• Solubility
• Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions
• Raoult’s Law

3

Electrochemistry

• Electrochemical Cells
• Galvanic Cells
• Electrode Potential and Standard Electrode Potential
• Nernst Equation
• Relationship between Electrode Potential, Gibb’s Energy and Equilibrium Constant

4

Chemical Kinetics

• Rate of a Chemical Reaction
• Factors Affecting Rate of a Reaction
• The Rate Law and Rate Constant
• Order of a Reaction
• Molecularity of a Reaction

5

Surface Chemistry

• Importance of Surface Chemistry
• Absorption
• Adsorption
• Catalysis
• Classification of Colloids

6

General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements (Metallurgy)

• Occurrence of Metals
• Concentration of Ores
• Extraction of Crude Metals from Concentrated Ores
• Oxidation-Reduction in Metallurgy
• Reduction of Metal Oxides to Metals

7

The p-Block Elements

• Occurrence of p-Block Elements
• Atomic and Physical Properties of Group 15 Elements
• Chemical Properties of Group 15 Elements
• Dinitrogen: Preparation, Structure, Properties and Uses
• Ammonia: Preparation, Structure, Properties and Uses

8

The d- and f-Block Elements

• Position of d-Block and f-Block Elements in Periodic Table
• Electronic Configuration of d-Block Elements
• General Properties of d-Block Elements
• Some Important Compounds of Transition Metals
• The Lanthanoids

9

Coordination Compounds

• Werner’s Theory of Coordination Compounds
• Important Terms Related to Coordination Compounds
• Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds
• Isomerism in Coordination Compounds
• Valence Bond Theory

10

Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

• Introduction to Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
• Classification of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
• Nomenclature of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
• Nature of C – X Bond in Haloalkanes
• Preparations of Haloalkanes

11

Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

• Classification of Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
• Nomenclature of Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
• Structure of Functional Groups of Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
• Methods of Preparation of Alcohols
• Methods of Preparation of Phenols

12

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

• Introduction to Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
• Nomenclature and Structure of Aldehydes and Ketones
• Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones
• Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
• Chemical Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones

13

Amines

• General Introduction of Amines
• Structure of Amines
• Classification of Amines
• Nomenclature of Amines
• Methods of Preparation of Amines

14

Biomolecules

• Carbohydrates
• Importance of Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Enzymes
• Vitamins

15

Polymers

• Polymers and Polymerisation
• Classification of Polymers
• General Method of Polymerisation
• Some Commercially Important Polymers
• Natural and Synthetic Rubbers

16

Chemistry in Everyday Life

• Applications of Chemistry
• Drugs and Their Classifications
• Drug-Target Interaction
• Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs
• Chemicals in Food

Chapter No. 

Chapters

Topics

1

Reproduction in Organisms

• Modes of Reproduction
• Asexual Reproduction
• Sexual Reproduction

2

Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

• Sexual Reproduction in Plants
• Flower- Reproductive Organ in Plants
• Stamen, Microsporangium and Pollen Grain
• The Pistil, Megasporangium and Embryo sac
• Pollination

3

Human Reproduction

• Male Reproductive System
• Female Reproductive System
• Gametogenesis
• Menstrual Cycle
• Fertilization

4

Reproductive Health 

• Reproductive Health- Problems and Strategies
• Population Stabilization and Birth Control
• Medical Termination of Pregnancy
• Sexually Transmitted Diseases
• Infertility

5

Principles of Inheritance and Variation

• Heredity and Variation
• Inheritance of One Gene
• Inheritance of Two Genes
• Deviation from Mendelism
• Sex Determination

6

Molecular Basis of Inheritance

• The Search for Genetic Material
• DNA Structure and Packaging
• RNA World
• Replication
• Transcription

7

Evolution

• Origin of Life
• Evolution of Life Forms
• Evidences of Evolution
• Adaptive Radiations
• Biological Evolution

8

Human Health and Disease

• Common Diseases in Humans
• Immunity
• Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
• Cancer
• Drug and Alcohol Abuse

9

Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production

• Animal Husbandry- Animal Farms and Animal Breeding
• Plant Breeding and its Process
• Single Cell Protein (SCP)
• Tissue Culture

10

Microbes in Human Welfare

• Microbes in Household Products
• Microbes in Industrial Products
• Microbes in Sewage Treatment
• Microbes in Production of Biogas
• Microbes as Biocontrol Agents

11

Biotechnology – Principles and Processes

• Principles of Biotechnology
• Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology
• Process of Recombinant DNA Technology- Isolation of DNA and its Amplification

12

Biotechnology and its Applications

• Biotechnology in Agriculture
• Biotechnology in Healthcare and Medicine
• Transgenic Animals
• Ethical Issues in Biotechnology

13

Organisms and Populations

• Organism and its Environment
• Population

14

Ecosystem

• Ecosystem -Structure and Function
• Productivity in Ecosystem
• Decomposition
• Flow of Energy
• Ecological Pyramids

15

Biodiversity and Conservation

• Biodiversity
• Conservation of Biodiversity

16

Environmental Issues

• Environmental Issues
• Air Pollution and its Control
• Water Pollution and its Control
• Solid Wastes
• Agrochemicals and their Effects