Ladakh Board Class 12 Exam

Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE)

As of now, the Ladakh board exams are conducted by the CBSE

Offline via the school for regular students

Online for private students

• Mathematics
• Biology
• Physics
• Chemistry
• Computer Studies
• Social Studies, Economics, Accountancy
• Political science etc.

Chapter No.

Chapter

Topics

1

Solid State 

• Classification of solids based on different binding forces: molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea). Unit cell in two dimensional and three-dimensional lattices, calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids, packing efficiency, voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, point defects.

2

Solutions 

• Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions, Raoult’s law, colligative properties – relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties.

3

p-Block Elements

• Group -15 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties; Nitrogen preparation properties and uses; compounds of Nitrogen: preparation and properties of Ammonia and Nitric Acid. 
• Group 16 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, dioxygen: preparation, properties and uses, classification of Oxides, Ozone, Sulphur -allotropic forms; compounds of Sulphur: preparation properties and uses of Sulphur-dioxide, Sulphuric Acid: properties and uses; Oxoacids of Sulphur (Structures only).
• Group 17 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; compounds of halogens, Preparation, properties and uses of Chlorine and Hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds, Oxoacids of halogens (structures only).
• Group 18 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, uses.

4

Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

• Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C–X bond, physical and chemical properties, optical rotation mechanism of substitution reactions. 
• Haloarenes: Nature of C–X bond, substitution reactions (Directive influence of halogen in monosubstituted compounds only).

5

Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

• Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only), identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration. 
• Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic substitution reactions, uses of phenols. 
• Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses. 

6

Biomolecules

• Carbohydrates – Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), D-L configuration 
• Proteins -Elementary idea of – amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, structure of proteins – primary, secondary, tertiary structure and quaternary structures (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins. 
• Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA

Term II

1

Electrochemistry

• Redox reactions, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential, Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells, Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity, variations of conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch’s Law, electrolysis.

2

Chemical Kinetics

• Rate of a reaction (Average and instantaneous), factors affecting rate of reaction: concentration, temperature, catalyst; order and molecularity of a reaction, rate law and specific rate constant, integrated rate equations and half-life (only for zero and first-order reactions).

3

Surface Chemistry

• Adsorption – physisorption and chemisorption, factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids, colloidal state: distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspension; lyophilic, lyophobic, multi-molecular and macromolecular colloids; properties of colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation.

4

d-and f-Block Elements

• General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first-row transition metals – metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation. 
• Lanthanoids – Electronic configuration, oxidation states and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences.

5

Coordination Compounds

• Coordination compounds – Introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds. Bonding, Werner’s theory, VBT, and CFT.

6

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

• Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes, uses. 
• Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses.

7

Amines

Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines.

Term I

Unit

Chapter

Topics

Unit-I: Relations and Functions 

Relations and Functions

Types of relations: reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence relations. One to one and onto functions. 

Inverse Trigonometric Function

Unit-II: Algebra 

Matrices

Concept, notation, order equality, types of matrices, zero and identity matrix, transpose of a matrix, symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices. Operation on matrices: Addition and multiplication and multiplication with a scalar. Simple properties of addition, multiplication and scalar multiplication. Non Commutativity of multiplication of matrices, invertible matrices; (Here all matrices will have real entries). 

Determinants

Determinants of square matrix (up to 3 x 3 matrices), minors, co-factors and applications of determinants in finding the area of triangle. Adjoint and inverse of a square matrix. Solving a system of linear equations in two or three variables (having a unique solution) using the inverse of the matrix. 

Unit-III: Calculus

Continuity and Differentiability

Continuity and differentiability, derivative of composite functions, chain rule, derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions. Derivative of implicit functions. Concept of logarithmic and exponential functions. Logarithmic differentiation, derivative of functions expressed in parametric forms. Second-order derivatives.

Applications of Derivatives

Applications of derivatives: increasing/decreasing functions, tangents and normals, maxima and minima (first derivative test motivated geometrically and second derivative test given as a provable tool). Simple problems (that illustrate basic principles and understanding of the subject as well as real-life situations). 

Unit-V: Linear Programming

Linear Programming

Introduction, related terminology such as constraints, objective function, optimization, different types of linear programming (L.P.) problems, graphical method of solution for problems in two variables, feasible and infeasible regions(bounded ), feasible and infeasible solutions, optimal feasible solutions (up to three non-trivial constraints)

Term II

Unit-III: Calculus 

Integrals 

Integration as an inverse process of differentiation. Integration of a variety of functions by substitution, by partial fractions and by parts, Evaluation of simple integrals of the following types and problems based on them

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (without proof).Basic properties of definite integrals and evaluation of definite integrals. 

Applications of the integrals

Differential Equations

Definition, order and degree, general and particular solutions of a differential equation. Solution of differential equations by the method of separation of variables solutions of homogeneous differential equations of the first order and first degree of the type:

Solutions of linear differential equation of the type:

Where p and q are functions of x or constants.

Unit-IV: Vectors and Three-Dimensional Geometry

Vectors

Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction of a vector. Direction cosines and direction ratios of a vector. Types of vectors (equal, unit, zero, parallel and collinear vectors), position vector of a point, negative of a vector, components of a vector, addition of vectors, multiplication of a vector by a scalar, position vector of a point dividing a line segment in a given ratio. Definition, Geometrical Interpretation, properties and application of scalar (dot) product of vectors, vector (cross) product of vectors.

Three-dimensional Geometry

Unit-VI: Probability 

Probability

Conditional probability, multiplication theorem on probability, independent events, total probability, Bayes’ theorem, Random variable and its probability distribution. 

Term I

Unit

Chapter

Topics

Unit-VI Reproduction

Chapter-1: Reproduction in Organisms

Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species; modes of reproduction – asexual and sexual reproduction; asexual reproduction – binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule formation, fragmentation; vegetative propagation in plants; events in sexual reproduction.

Chapter-2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 

Flower structure; development of male and female gametophytes; pollination – types, agencies and examples; outbreeding devices; pollen-pistil interaction; double fertilization; post-fertilization events – development of endosperm and embryo, development of seed and formation of fruit; special modes- apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed dispersal and fruit formation.

Chapter-3: Human Reproduction

Male and female reproductive systems; microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; gametogenesis – spermatogenesis and oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation; pregnancy and placenta formation (elementary idea); parturition (elementary idea); lactation (elementary idea). 

Chapter-4: Reproductive Health 

Need for reproductive health and prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs); birth control – need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); amniocentesis; infertility and assisted reproductive technologies – IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (elementary idea for general awareness).

Unit-VII Genetics and Evolution 

Chapter-5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation 

Heredity and variation: Mendelian inheritance; deviations from Mendelism – incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups, pleiotropy; elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; chromosome theory of inheritance; chromosomes and genes; Sex determination – in human being, birds and honey bee; linkage and crossing over; sex linked inheritance – haemophilia, colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans -thalassemia; chromosomal disorders in humans; Down’s syndrome, Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes.

Chapter-6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance 

Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central Dogma; transcription, genetic code, translation; gene expression and regulation – lac operon; Genome, Human and rice genome projects; DNA fingerprinting.

Chapter-7: Evolution

Origin of life; biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidences); adaptive radiation; Biological evolution: Lamarck’s theory of use and disuse of organs, Darwin’s theory of evolution; mechanism of evolution – variation (mutation and recombination) and natural selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy – Weinberg’s principle; brief account of evolution; human evolution

Term II

Unit-VIII Biology and Human Welfare

Chapter-8: Human Health and Diseases

Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (malaria, dengue, chikungunya, filariasis, ascariasis, typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ringworm) and their control; Basic concepts of immunology – vaccines; cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescence – drug and alcohol abuse.

Chapter-9: Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production

Animal husbandry, Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein.

Chapter-10: Microbes in Human Welfare

Microbes in food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and microbes as biocontrol agents and bio-fertilizers. Antibiotics; production and judicious use. 

Unit-IX Biotechnology and its Applications

Chapter-11: Biotechnology – Principles and Processes

Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology). 

Chapter-12: Biotechnology and its Application

Application of biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, stem cell technology, gene therapy; genetically modified organisms – Bt crops; transgenic animals; biosafety issues, biopiracy and patents. 

Unit-X Ecology and Environment 

Chapter-13: Organisms and Populations

Organisms and environment: Habitat and niche, population and ecological adaptations; population interactions – mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; population attributes – growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution.

Chapter-14: Ecosystem

Ecosystem: structure and function; productivity and decomposition; energy flow; pyramids of number, biomass, energy; nutrient cycles (carbon and phosphorous); ecological succession; ecological services – carbon fixation, pollination, seed dispersal, oxygen release (in brief).

Chapter-15: Biodiversity and its Conservation 

Biodiversity – Concept, patterns, importance; loss of biodiversity; biodiversity conservation; hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, Sacred Groves, biosphere reserves, national parks, wildlife, sanctuaries and Ramsar sites.

Unit

Chapters

Term I

Unit I: Computational Thinking and Programming – 2

• Revision of Python topics covered in Class XI.
• Functions: types of function (built‐in functions, functions defined in module, user-defined functions), creating user-defined function, arguments and parameters, default parameters, positional parameters, function returning value(s), flow of execution, scope of a variable (global scope, local scope)
• Introduction to files, types of files(Text file, Binary file, CSV file), relative and absolute paths
• Text file: opening a text file, text file open modes (r, r+, w, w+, a, a+), closing a text file, opening a file using with clause, writing/appending data to a text file using write() and writelines(), reading from a text file using read(), readline() and readlines(), seek and tell methods, manipulation of data in a text file
• Binary file: basic operations on a binary file: open using file open modes (rb, rb+, wb, wb+, ab, ab+), close a binary file, import pickle module, dump() and load() method, read, write/create, search, append and update operations in a binary file
• CSV file: import csv module, open / close csv file, write into a csv file using csv.writerow() and read from a csv file using csv.reader( )

Term II

Unit I: Computational Thinking and Programming – 2

• Data Structure: Stack, operations on stack (push & pop), implementation of stack using a list.

Unit II: Computer Networks

• Evolution of networking: introduction to computer networks, evolution of networking (ARPANET, NSFNET, INTERNET)
• Data communication terminologies: concept of communication, components of data communication (sender, receiver, message, communication media, protocols), measuring capacity of communication media (bandwidth, data transfer rate), IP address, switching techniques (Circuit switching, Packet switching) 
• Transmission media: Wired communication media (Twisted pair cable, Co‐axial cable, Fiber‐optic cable), Wireless media (Radio waves, Microwaves, Infrared waves 
• Network devices(Modem, Ethernet card, RJ45, Repeater, Hub, Switch, Router, Gateway, WIFI card) 
• Network topologies and Network types: types of networks (PAN, LAN, MAN, WAN), networking topologies (Bus, Star, Tree) 
• Network protocol: HTTP, FTP, PPP, SMTP, TCP/IP, POP3, HTTPS, TELNET, VoIP 
• Introduction to web services: WWW, HyperText Markup Language (HTML), Extensible Markup Language (XML), domain names, URL, website, web browser, web servers, web hosting

Unit III: Database Management

• Database concepts: introduction to database concepts and their need
• Relational data model: relation, attribute, tuple, domain, degree, cardinality, keys (candidate key, primary key, alternate key, foreign key)
• Structured Query Language: introduction, Data Definition Language and Data Manipulation Language, data type (char(n), varchar(n), int, float, date), constraints (not null, unique, primary key), create database, use database, show databases, drop database, show tables, create table, describe table, alter table (add and remove an attribute, add and remove primary key), drop table, insert, delete, select, operators (mathematical, relational and logical), aliasing, distinct clause, where clause, in, between, order by, meaning of null, is null, is not null, like, update command, delete command
• Aggregate functions (max, min, avg, sum, count), group by, having clause, joins: Cartesian product on two tables, equi‐join and natural join
• Interface of python with an SQL database: connecting SQL with Python, performing insert, update, delete queries using cursor, display data by using fetchone(), fetchall(), rowcount, creating database connectivity applications

Section

Topic

Term I

Literature/ Textbooks

FLAMINGO 

Prose: 

1. The Last Lesson 

2. Lost Spring 

3. Deep Water

Poetry: 

1. My Mother at Sixty Six 

2. An Elementary School Classroom in a Slum 

3. Keeping Quiet

VISTAS

1. The Third Level

2. The Enemy

Reading skills

Unseen passage: Factual Passage Descriptive Passage Literary/Persuasive/ Discursive Passage.

Unseen case based factual passage with verbal/visual inputs like statistical data charts newspaper report.

Writing skills

Short Composition: Notice writing, Classified Advertisement

Long Writing Task: Letter Writing, Article Writing

Assessment of Listening and Speaking Skills

Listening Activity

Term II

Literature/ Textbooks

FLAMINGO 

Prose: 

4. The Rattrap 

5. Indigo

Poetry: 

4. A Thing of Beauty 

5. Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers

VISTAS

3. Should the Wizard hit Mommy? 

4. On the Face of It 

5. Evans Tries An O-Level

Reading skills

Unseen passage: Factual Passage Descriptive Passage Literary/Persuasive/ Discursive Passage.

Unseen case-based factual passage with verbal/visual inputs like statistical data charts newspaper report.

Writing skills

Short Composition: Formal & Informal Invitation Cards or the Replies to Invitation/s.

Long Writing Task: Letter/Application for a Job, Report Writing.

Project work + Viva/ALS

Project report/ script /essay

Viva

• Minimum 3 Python programs based on Term‐2 Syllabus.
• SQL Queries – Minimum 5 sets using one table / two tables.
• Minimum 2 programs based on Python ‐ SQL connectivity.

• Joint Entrance Examination (JEE) Main
• JEE Advanced
• Birla Institute of Technology and Science Admission Test (BITSAT) entrance exam
• COMED-K
• IPU-CET (B. Tech)
• Manipal (B. Tech)
• VITEEE
• AMU (B. Tech)
• NDA Entrance with PCM (MPC)

• National Eligibility Cum Entrance Test (NEET)
• AIIMS
• JIPMER

• Indian Maritime University Common Entrance Test
• Indian Navy B.Tech Entry Scheme
• Indian Army Technical Entry Scheme (TES)
• National Defence Academy and Naval Academy Examination (I)

• National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT) Entrance Test
• National Institute of Design Admissions
• All India Entrance Examination for Design (AIEED)
• Symbiosis Institute of Design Exam
• Footwear Design and Development Institute
• Maeer’s MIT Institute of Design
• National Institute of Fashion Design
• National Aptitude Test in Architecture
• Center for Environmental Planning and Technology (CEPT)

• Banaras Hindu University
• IIT Madras Humanities and Social Sciences Entrance Examination (HSEE)
• TISS Bachelors Admission Test (TISS-BAT)

• Common-Law Admission Test
• All India Law Entrance Test (AILET)

• Kishore Vaigyanik Protsahan Yojana (KVPY)
• National Entrance Screening Test (NEST)

• Indian Statistical Institute Admission
• Admissions to Universities
• Various B.Sc Programs
• Banasthali Vidyapith Admission