Mizoram Board Class 12 Exam

• English
• Mizo
• Hindi
• Assamese
• Bengali
• Manipuri
• Nepali
• Khasi
• Garo
• Tenyidie

• Political Science
• History
• Education
• Geography
• Economics
• Home Science
• Sociology
• Psychology
• Public Administration
• Mathematics
• Computer Science

• Physics
• Chemistry
• Biology
• Mathematics
• Home Science
• Computer Science
• Geology

• Business Studies
• Accountancy
• Economics
• Business Mathematics
• Computer Science

• Completed Class 11 Mizoram board exam.
• At least 75% attendance during Class 12 academic year.
• Appeared in all the internal exams as per the requirements.

• Types of relations: Reflexive, symmetric, transitive, and equivalence relations.
• One to one and onto functions, composite functions inverse of a function binary operations.

• Definition, range, domain, principal value branches.
• Graphs of inverse trigonometric functions.
• Elementary properties of inverse trigonometric functions.

• Concept, notation order, equality, types of matrices.
• Zero matrix, transpose of a matrix, symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices.
• Addition, multiplication, and scalar multiplication of matrices, simple properties of addition, multiplication, and scalar multiplication.
• Non-commutativity of multiplication of matrices and existence of non-zero matrices whose product is the zero matrix (restricted to square matrices of order 2).
• Concept of elementary row and column operations. Invertible matrices and proof of the uniqueness of inverse, if it exists; (Here all matrices will have real entries).

• Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 x 3 matrices), properties of determinants, minors, cofactors, and applications of determinants in finding the area of a triangle.
• Adjoint and inverse of a square matrix.
• Consistent inconsistency and number of solutions of a system of linear equations by examples, solving systems of linear equations in two or three variables (having unique solution) using the inverse of a matrix.

• Continuity and differentiability, the derivative of composite functions, chain rule, derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions, derivative of implicit function. Concepts of exponential, logarithmic functions.
• Derivatives of loge x and ex.
• Logarithmic differentiation.
• Derivative of functions expressed in parametric forms.
• Second-order derivatives. Rolle’s and Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorems (without proof) and their geometric interpretations.

• Applications of derivatives: Rate of change, increasing/decreasing functions, tangents, and normals, approximation, maxima, and minima(first derivative test motivated geometrically and second derivative test given as a provable tool).
• Simple problems (that illustrate basic principles and understanding of the subject as well as real-life situations).

• Integration as an inverse process of differentiation. Integration of a variety of functions by substitution, by partial fractions, and by parts, only simple integrals of the type

to be evaluated. Definite integrals as a limit of 1a sum. Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (without proof). Basic properties of definite integrals and evaluation of definite integrals.

• Applications in finding the area under simple curves, especially lines, arcs of circles/ parabolas/ellipses (in standard form. only), area between the two above said curves (the region should be clearly identifiable).

• Definition, order, and degree, general and particular solutions of a differential equation. Formation of differential equations whose general solution is given.
• Solution of differential equations by the method of separation of variables; homogeneous differential equations of the first order and first degree.
• Solutions of linear differential equation of the type —

UNIT IV: VECTORS AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

• Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction of a vector.
• Direction cosines/ratios of vectors.
• Types of vectors (equal, unit, zero, parallel and collinear vectors), position vector of a point, negative of a vector, components of a vector, the addition of vectors, multiplication of a vector by a scalar, position vector of a point dividing a line segment in a given ratio.
• Scalar (dot) product of vectors, projection of a vector on a line. Vector (cross) product of vectors, scalar triple product.

• Direction cosines/ratios of a line joining two points.
• Cartesian and vector equation of a line, coplanar and skew lines, the shortest distance between two lines.
• Cartesian and vector equation of a plane.
• The angle between (i) two lines, (ii) two planes, (iii) a line and a plane. Distance of a point from a plane.

• Introduction, related terminology such as constraints, objective function, optimisation, different types of linear programming (L.P.) problems, mathematical formulation of LP.
• Problems, graphical method of solution for problems in two variables, feasible and infeasible regions, feasible and infeasible solutions, optimal feasible solutions (up to three non-trivial constraints).

• Multiplications theorem on probability.
• Conditional probability, independent events, total probability
• Bayes-theorem Random variable, and its probability distribution, mean, and variance of haphazard variable. Repeated independent (Bernoulli) trials and Binomial distribution.

• Electric charges and their conservation. Coulomb’s law— force between two point charges, forces between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge char distribution.
• Electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines; electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole; torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field.
• Electric flux, statement of Gauss’s theorem- and its applications to find field due to infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet, and uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside).
• Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and system of charges; equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges, and of electric dipoles in an electrostatic field.
• Conductors and insulators, free charges, and bound charges inside a conductor. Dielectrics and electric polarisation, capacitors and capacitance, a combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor, Van de Graff generator.

• Electric current, the flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity and mobility, and their relation with electric current; Ohm’s law, electrical resistance, V- I characteristics (linear and nonlinear), electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity, and conductivity.
• Carbon resistors, colour code for carbon resistors; series and parallel combinations of resistors; temperature dependence of resistance.
• The internal resistance of a cell, potential difference, and emf of a cell, combination of cells in series and in parallel.
• Kirchhoff -’s laws and simple applications. Wheatstone brides, meter bridge.
• Potentiometer – principle, and applications to measure potential difference, and for comparing emf of two cells; measurement of internal resistance of a cell.

• Concept of the magnetic field, Oersted’s experiment. Biot – Savart law and its application to the current carrying circular loop.
• Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire, straight and toroidal solenoids.
• Force – on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields. Cyclotron. Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. The force between two parallel current-carrying conductors – definition of ampere. Torque experienced by a current loop in a magnetic field; moving coil galvanometer– its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.
• Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. The magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron. Magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis.-Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field; bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements.
• Paramagnetic, diamagnetic, and ferromagnetic substances, with examples.
• Electromagnets and factors affecting their strengths. Permanent magnets

• Electromagnetic induction; Faraday’s law, induced emf and current; Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents. Self – and mutual inductance.
• Alternating currents, peak and rms value of alternating current/voltage; reactance and impedance; LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only), LCR series circuit, resonance; power in AC circuits, wattles current.
• AC generator and transformer

• Need for displacement current.
• Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics (qualitative ideas -only). Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves.
• Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma-rays) including elementary facts about their uses.

• Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction of light, total internal reflection, and its applications, optical fibers, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lens-maker’s formula. Magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact combination of a lens and a mirror. Refraction and dispersion of light through a prism.
• Scattering of light — blue colour of the sky and reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset.
• Optical instruments: Human eye, image formation, and accommodation, correction of eye defects (myopia and hypermetropia) using lenses.
• Microscope and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers.
• Wave optics: Wavefront and Huygens’ principle, reflection, and refraction of plane waves at a plane surface using wavefronts.
• Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens’ principle.
• Interference, Young’s double hole experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources, and sustained interference of light.
• Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum.
• Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes. Polarisation, plane polarised light; Brewster’s law, uses of plane polarised light and Polaroids.

• Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard’s observations; Einstein’s photoelectric equation –particle nature of light.
• Matter waves — wave nature of particles, de Broglie relation. Davisson-Germer experiment (experimental details should be omitted; only conclusions should be explained.)

• Alpha – particle scattering experiment; Rutherford’s model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum. Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars; isotones.
• Radioactivity — alpha, beta, and gamma particles/rays, and their properties; radioactive decay law. Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number; nuclear fission and fusion.

• Energy bands in solids (qualitative ideas only), conductors, insulators, and semiconductors; semiconductor diode — I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator.
• Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor; transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration) and oscillator. Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR). Transistor as a switch.

• Elements of a communication system (block diagram only); bandwidth of signals (speech, TV, and digital data), the bandwidth of transmission medium. Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere, sky, and space wave propagation.
• Need for modulation-Production and detection of an amplitude-modulated wave.

• Classification of solids based on different binding forces: molecular, ionic, covalent, and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea).
• Unit cell in two-dimensional and three-dimensional lattices, calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids, packing efficiency, voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, point defects, electrical and magnetic properties.
• Band theory of metals, conductors, semiconductors, and insulators, and n and p-type semiconductors.

• Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, the solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions
• Raoult’s law, colligative properties – the relative lowering of vapour pressure, the elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass
• Van’t Hoff factor.

• Redox reactions
• EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential
• Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells
• Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity, variations of conductivity with concentration
• Kohlrausch’s Law, electrolysis and law of electrolysis (elementary idea), dry cell-electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells, lead accumulator, fuel cells, corrosion.

• Rate of a reaction (Average and instantaneous), factors affecting rate of reaction: concentration, temperature, catalyst, order and molecularity of a reaction, rate law and specific rate constant, integrated rate equations and half-life (only for zero and first-order reactions), the concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment), activation energy, Arrhenius equation.

• Adsorption – Physisorption and chemisorption, factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids, catalysis: homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity of solid catalysts, enzyme catalysis,
• Colloidal state: The distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspension, lyophilic, lyophobic, multi-molecular and macromolecular colloids, properties of colloids, Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation, emulsion, types of emulsions.

• Principles and methods of extraction – concentration, oxidation, reduction – electrolytic method and refining, occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium, copper, zinc, and iron.

• Group -15 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties, Nitrogen preparation properties and uses, compounds of Nitrogen: preparation and properties of Ammonia and Nitric Acid, Oxides of Nitrogen (Structure only), Phosphorus – allotropic forms, compounds of Phosphorus: Preparation and properties of Phosphine, Halides, and Oxoacids (elementary idea only).
• Group 16 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, dioxygen: preparation, properties and uses, classification of Oxides, Ozone, Sulphur -allotropic forms, compounds of Sulphur: preparation properties and uses of Sulphur-dioxide, Sulphuric Acid: industrial process of manufacture, properties, and uses, Oxoacids of Sulphur (Structures only).
• Group 17 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, compounds of halogens, Preparation, properties, and uses of Chlorine and Hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds, Oxoacids of halogens (structures only).
• Group 18 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, uses.

• General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first-row transition metals – metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation, preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.
• Lanthanoids – Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity, and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences.
• Actinides – Electronic configuration, oxidation states, and comparison with lanthanides.

• Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions. Optical rotation.
• Haloarenes: Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen for monosubstituted compounds only). Uses and environmental effects of – dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT.

• Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only), identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration, uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol.
• Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic substitution reactions, uses of phenols.
• Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.

• Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of nucleophilic addition, the reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes, uses.
• Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.

• Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary secondary and tertiary amines.
• Cyanides and Isocyanides – will be mentioned at relevant places in context.
• Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions, and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.

• Unit XIV: Biomolecules

• Carbohydrates – Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharide (glucose and fructose), D-L configuration oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen), Importance of carbohydrates.
• Proteins -Elementary idea of – amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, the structure of proteins – primary, secondary, tertiary structure and quaternary structures (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes.
• Hormones – Elementary idea excluding structure.
• Vitamins – Classification and functions.
• Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA.

• Chemicals in medicines – analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines.
• Chemicals in food – preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, elementary ideas of antioxidants.
• Cleansing agents- soaps and detergents, cleansing action.

• Reproduction in Organisms: Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species, Modes of reproduction – asexual and sexual reproduction, Asexual reproduction – binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule formation, fragmentation, Vegetative propagation in plants, Events in sexual reproduction
• Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants: Flower structure, Development of male and female gametophytes, Pollination – types, agencies, and examples, Outbreeding devices, Pollen-pistil interaction, Double fertilisation, Post fertilisation events – development of endosperm and embryo, development of seed and formation of fruit, Special modes- apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony, Significance of seed dispersal and fruit formation.
• Human Reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems, Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary, Gametogenesis – spermatogenesis and oogenesis, Menstrual cycle, Fertilisation, embryo development up to blastocyst formation, implantation Pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary idea), Parturition (elementary idea), Lactation (elementary idea).
• Reproductive Health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs), Birth control – need and methods, Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP), Amniocentesis, Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies – IVF, ZIFT, GIFT, AI (brief overview).

• Principles of Inheritance and Variation: Heredity and variation, Mendelian inheritance, Deviations from Mendelism – incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups, pleiotropy, Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance, Chromosome theory of inheritance, Chromosomes, and genes, Linkage and crossing over, Sex determination – in human beings, birds, grasshopper and honey bee, Mutation, Pedigree analysis, Sex-linked inheritance – haemophilia, colour blindness, Mendelian disorders in humans –sickle cell anaemia, Phenylketonuria, thalassemia, Chromosomal disorders in humans, Down’s syndrome, Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes.
• Molecular Basis of Inheritance: Structure of DNA and RNA, DNA packaging, Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material, DNA replication, Central Dogma, Transcription, genetic code, translation, Gene expression and regulation – lac operon, Human genome project, DNA fingerprinting.
• Evolution: Origin of life, Biological evolution and evidence for biological evolution (palaeontology, comparative anatomy, embryology, and molecular evidence), Adaptive radiation, Biological evolution: Lamarck’s theory of use and disuse of organs, Darwin’s theory of evolution, Mechanism of evolution – variation (mutation and recombination) and natural selection with examples, types of natural selection, Gene flow and genetic drift, Hardy – Weinberg’s principle, A brief account of evolution, Human evolution.

• Human Health and Diseases: Pathogens, Parasites causing human diseases (malaria, dengue, chikungunya, filariasis, ascariasis, typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ringworm) and their control, Basic concepts of immunology – vaccines, Cancer, HIV and AIDS, Adolescence – drug and alcohol abuse.
• Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production: Animal husbandry, Plant breeding, Tissue culture, Single-cell protein.
• Microbes in Human Welfare: Microbes in food processing, industrial production, Antibiotics, Production and judicious use, sewage treatment, energy generation, and microbes as biocontrol agents and bio-fertilizers.

• Biotechnology – Principles and Processes, Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology)
• Biotechnology and its Application: Application of biotechnology in health and agriculture, Genetically modified organisms – Bt Crops, RNA interference, Human insulin, gene therapy, Molecular diagnosis, Transgenic animals, Biosafety issues, biopiracy and patents.

• Organisms and Populations: Organisms and environment, Habitat and niche, abiotic factors, ecological adaptations, Population interactions – mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism, commensalism, Population attributes – growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution.
• Ecosystem: Ecosystem: Structure and function, Productivity and decomposition, Energy flow, Pyramids of number, biomass, energy, Nutrient cycles (carbon and phosphorous), Ecological succession, Ecological services – carbon fixation, pollination, seed dispersal, oxygen release (in brief).
• Biodiversity and Conservation: Biodiversity – Concept, levels, patterns, importance, Loss of biodiversity, Biodiversity conservation, Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, Sacred Groves, biosphere reserves, national parks, wildlife, sanctuaries, and Ramsar sites.
• Environmental Issues: Air pollution and its control, Water pollution and its control, Agrochemicals and their effects, Solid waste management, Radioactive waste management, Greenhouse effect, and climate change impact and mitigation, Ozone layer depletion, Deforestation, Case study exemplifying success story addressing the environmental issue(s).

• REVIEW: C++ covered in Class – XI
• Object Oriented in Programming: Concept of object Oriented Programming-Data hiding, Data encapsulation, Class and Object, Abstract class and Concrete class, polymorphism (implementation of polymorphism using Function overloading as an example in C++); Inheritance, Advantage of Object Oriented Programming over earlier programming methodologies.
• Implementation of Object Oriented Programming concepts in C++: Definition of a class, Members of a class – Data Members and Member Functions (methods, using Private and Public visibility modes, default visibility modes (private); Member function definition: inside of objects as instances of a class; accessing members from object(s), Array of a type class, Objects as function arguments-pass by value and pass by reference;
• Constructor and Destructor: Constructor: Special Characteristic, Declaration, and Definition of a constructor, Default Constructor, Overloaded Constructors, Copy Constructor, Constructor with default arguments; Destructor: Special Characteristics, Declaration, and definition of destructor;
• Inheritance (Extending Classes): Concept of inheritance, Base Class, Derived Class, Defining derived classes, protected visibility mode; Single level inheritance, Multilevel inheritance and Multiple inheritance, Privately derived, Publicly derived and Protected derived class, accessibility of members from objects and within the derived class(es);
• Data File Handling: Need for a data file, Types of data files- Text file and Binary file; Text file: Basic file operations on text file: Creating/ Writing text file into a file, Reading and manipulation of text from an already existing text File (accessing sequentially)
• Binary File: Creation of file, Writing data into a file, Searching for required data from a file, Appending data to a file, Insertion of data in the sorted file, Deletion of data from a file, Modification of data in a file; Implementation of above-mentioned data file handling C++; Components of C++ to be used with file handling: Header file fstream.h;ifstream, ofstream, fstream classes; Opening in text file in in, out and app modes; Using cascading operators for writing text to the file and reading text from the file; open(), get(), put(),getting() and close () functions; Detecting end-of-file (with or without using eof() function); Opening a binary file using in, out and app modes; open(), read(), write() and close() functions; Detecting end-of-files (with or without eof() function); tellg(), tellp(), seekg(), seekp() functions.
• Pointers: Declaration and Initialization of Pointers; Dynamics memory allocation, deallocation operators: new, delete; Pointers and Arrays: Arrays of Pointers, Pointer to an array (1-dimensional array), Function returning a pointer. Reference variables and use of alias; Function call by reference. Pointer to structures: Dereference operator *,->; self-referential structures;

• Arrays: One and two Dimensional arrays: Sequential allocation and address calculation; One Dimensional array: Traversal, Searching (Linear, Binary Search ), Insertion of an element in an array, deletion of an element from an array, sorting (Insertion, Selection, Bubble sort), concatenation of two linear arrays, merging of two sorted arrays; Two Dimensional arrays: Traversal, Finding sum/difference of two NxM arrays containing numerical values, Interchanging Row and Column elements in two-dimensional array;
• Stack (Array and Linked implementation of stack): Operations on stack (PUSH and POP) its implementation in C++, Converting expressions from INFIX to POSTFIX notation and evaluation of Postfix expression.
• Queue: (Circular Array and Linked Implementation) Operation on queue (Inserted and Delete) and its Implementation in C++.

• Database Concepts: Relational Data model: Concept of domain, tuple, reaction, key, primary Key, alternate Key, candidate key; Relational algebra: Selection, Projection, Union and Cartesian Product;
• Structured Query Language: General Concepts: Advantage of using SQL, Data Definition Language and Data Manipulation Language Data Types: NUMBER, CHARACTER, DATE; SQL commands CREATE TABLE, DROP TABLE, ALERT TABLE, UPDATE..SET.., INSERT, DELETE; SELECT, DISTINCT, FROM, WHERE, IN, BETWEEN, GROUP BY, HAVING, ORDER BY; SQL functions: SUM, AVG, COUNT, MAX and MIN;
• Note: Implementation of the above mentioned commands could be done on any SQL supported software on one or two tables.

• Binary-Valued Quantities, Boolean Variable, Boolean Constant and Boolean Operators; AND, OR, NOT; Truth Tables; Closure Property, Commutative Law, Associative Law, Identity Law, Inverse Law, Principle of Duality, Idempotent Law, Distributive Law, Absorption Law, Involution Law, DeMorgan’s Law and their applications.

• Evolution of Networking ARPANET, Internet, Interspace; Different ways of sending data across the network with reference to switching techniques;
• Data Communication terminologies: Concept of Channel, Baud, Bandwidth (Hz, kHz, MHz) and data transfer rate (bps, kbps, Mbps, Gbps, Tbps);
• Transmission Media: Twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, optical fibre, infrared, radio link, microwave link, and satellite link)
• Network Devices: Modem, RJ45 connector, Ethernet Card, Hub, Switch, Gateway;
• Network Topologies and Types: Bus, Star, Tree; Concepts of LAN, WAN, MAN.
• Network Protocol: TCP/IP, File Transfer Protocol (FTP), PPP, Level-Remote Login (Telnet), Internet, Wireless/Mobile Communication, GSM, CDMA, WLL,3G, SMS, Voice Mail, Application Electronic Mail, Chat, Video Conferencing;
• Network Security Concepts: Threats and prevention from Viruses, Worms, Trojan horse, Spams Use of Cookies, Protection using firewall; India IT Act, Cyber Law, Cyber Crimes, IPR issues, Hacking.
• Web Servers: Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML), Extensible Markup Language (XML); HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), Domain Names; URL; Protocol Address; Website, Web Browser, Web Servers; Web Hosting, Web Scripting-Client side (VB script, Javascript, PHP) and Server-side (ASP, JSP, PHP)
• Open Source Terminologies: Open Source Software, Freeware, Shareware, Proprietary software, FLOSS, GNU, FSF, OSI.

1. To find the resistance of a given wire using a meter bridge and hence determine the specific resistance of its material.
2. To determine resistance per cm of a given wire by plotting a graph of potential difference versus current.
3. To verify the laws of combination (series/parallel) of resistances using a meter bridge.
4. To compare the emf of two given primary cells using a potentiometer.
5. To determine the internal resistance of a given primary cell using a potentiometer.
6. To determine the resistance of a galvanometer by half-deflection method and to find its figure of – merit.
7. To convert the given galvanometer (of known resistance of figure of merit) into an ammeter and voltmeter of desired range and to verify the same.
8. To find the frequency of the ac mains with a sonometer.

• To measure the resistance and impedance of an inductor with or without an iron core.
• To measure resistance, voltage (ac/dc), current (ac), and check continuity of a given circuit using a multimeter.
• To assemble a household circuit comprising three bulbs, three (on/of) switches, a fuse, and a power source.
• To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit.
• To study the variation in potential drop with the length of a wire for a steady current.
• To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at least a battery, resistor/ rheostat, key, ammeter, and voltmeter. Mark the components that are not connected in proper order and correct the circuit and also the circuit diagram.

• To find the value of v for different values of u in the case of a concave mirror and to find the focal length.
• To find the focal length of a convex mirror, using a convex lens.
• To find the focal length of a convex lens by plotting graphs between .0 and v or between I1u and 1/v.
• To find the focal length of a concave lens, using a convex lens.
• To determine the angle of minimum deviation for a given prism by plotting a graph between the angle of incidence and the angle of deviation.
• To determine the refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope.
• To find the refractive index of a liquid by using

(i) concave mirror
(ii) convex lens and plane mirror.
1. To draw the I-V characteristics curves of a p-n junction in forward bias and reverse bias.
2. To draw the characteristics curve of a zener diode and to determine its reverse breakdown voltage.
3. To study the characteristics of a common-emitter npn or pnp transistor and to find out the values of current and voltage gains.

• Prepare a temporary mount to observe pollen germination.
• Collect and study soil from at least two different sites and study them for texture, moisture content, pH and water holding capacity. Correlate with the kinds of plants found in them.
• Collect water from two different water bodies around you and study them for pH, clarity and presence of any living organism.
• Study the presence of suspended particulate matter in the air at two widely different sites.
• Study the plant population density by the quadrat method.
• Study the plant population frequency by the quadrat method.
• Prepare a temporary mount of the onion root tip to study mitosis.
• Study the effect of different temperatures and three different pH on the activity of salivary amylase on starch.

• Flowers adapted to pollination by different agencies (wind, insect).
• Pollen germination on stigma through a permanent slide.
• Identification of stages of gamete development i.e. T.S. testis and T.S. ovary through permanent slides (from any mammal).
• Meiosis in onion bud cell or grasshopper testis through permanent slides.
• T.S. of blastula through permanent slides.
• Mendelian inheritance using seeds of different colour/size of any plant.
• Prepared pedigree charts of genetic traits such as rolling of tongue, blood groups, widow’s peak, colour blindness.
• Exercise on controlled pollination—Emasculation, tagging and bagging.

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Student’s Name

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Parents’ Name

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School Name

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School Code

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Date of the Exam

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List of Subjects

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Subject Codes

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Timings

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Important Instructions

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Photo of the Student

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Signature of the student

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Date of Birth

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Examination Centre

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Examination Centre Code

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Address of the Examination Centre